Prostacyclin compounds, compositions and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Prostacyclin compounds and compositions comprising the same are provided herein. Specifically, prostacyclin compounds comprising treprostinil covalently linked to a linear C5-C18 alkyl, branched C5-C18 alkyl, linear C2-C18 alkenyl, branched C3-C18 alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C1-C18 alkyl or an amino acid or a peptide (e.g., dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide) are described. The linkage, in one embodiment, is via a carbamate, amide or ester bond. Prostacyclin compounds provided herein can also include at least one hydrogen atom substituted with at least one deuterium atom. Methods for treating pulmonary hypertension (e.g., pulmonary arterial hypertension) and portopulmonary hypertension are also provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Utility application Ser. No.16/685,751, filed Nov. 15, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. Utilityapplication Ser. No. 15/994,574, filed May 31, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No.10,526,274, which is a continuation of U.S. Utility application Ser. No.15/154,631, filed May 13, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,010,518, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/523,538, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,469,600, filed Oct. 24, 2014, which claims priority from U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/042,123, filed Aug. 26, 2014;62/028,758, filed Jul. 24, 2014; 61/950,967, filed Mar. 11, 2014;61/910,703, filed Dec. 2, 2013; 61/895,680, filed Oct. 25, 2013; each ofwhich is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by an abnormally high bloodpressure in the lung vasculature. It is a progressive, lethal diseasethat leads to heart failure and can occur in the pulmonary artery,pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries. Symptomatically patientsexperience shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms,all of which are made worse by exertion. There are multiple causes, andcan be of unknown origin, idiopathic, and can lead to hypertension inother systems, for example, portopulmonary hypertension in whichpatients have both portal and pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension has been classified into five groups by the WorldHealth Organization (WHO). Group I is called pulmonary arterialhypertension (PAH), and includes PAH that has no known cause(idiopathic), inherited PAH (i.e., familial PAH or FPAH), PAH that iscaused by drugs or toxins, and PAH caused by conditions such asconnective tissue diseases, HIV infection, liver disease, and congenitalheart disease. Group II pulmonary hypertension is characterized aspulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease. Group IIIpulmonary hypertension is characterized as PH associated with lungdiseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitiallung diseases, as well as PH associated with sleep-related breathingdisorders (e.g., sleep apnea). Group IV PH is PH due to chronicthrombotic and/or embolic disease, e.g., PH caused by blood clots in thelungs or blood clotting disorders. Group V includes PH caused by otherdisorders or conditions, e.g., blood disorders (e.g., polycythemia vera,essential thrombocythemia), systemic disorders (e.g., sarcoidosis,vasculitis), metabolic disorders (e.g., thyroid disease, glycogenstorage disease).

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) afflicts approximately 200,000people globally with approximately 30,000-40,000 of those patients inthe United States. PAH patients experience constriction of pulmonaryarteries which leads to high pulmonary arterial pressures, making itdifficult for the heart to pump blood to the lungs. Patients suffer fromshortness of breath and fatigue which often severely limits the abilityto perform physical activity.

The New York Heart Association (NYHA) has categorized PAH patients intofour functional classes, used to rate the severity of the disease. ClassI PAH patients as categorized by the NYHA, do not have a limitation ofphysical activity, as ordinary physical activity does not cause unduedyspnoea or fatigue, chest pain, or near syncope. Treatment is notneeded for class I PAH patients. Class II PAH patients as categorized bythe NYHA have a slight limitation on physical activity. These patientsare comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity causes unduedyspnoea or fatigue, chest pain or near syncope. Class III PAH patientsas categorized by the NYHA have a marked limitation of physicalactivity. Although comfortable at rest, class III PAH patientsexperience undue dyspnoea or fatigue, chest pain or near syncope as aresult of less than ordinary physical activity. Class IV PAH patients ascategorized by the NYHA are unable to carry out any physical activitywithout symptoms. Class IV PAH patients might experience dyspnoea and/orfatigue at rest, and discomfort is increased by any physical activity.Signs of right heart failure are often manifested by class IV PAHpatients.

Patients with PAH are treated with an endothelin receptor antagonist(ERA), phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, a guanylate cyclasestimulator, a prostanoid (e.g., prostacyclin), or a combination thereof.ERAs include abrisentan (Letairis®), sitaxentan, bosentan (Tracleer®),and macitentan (Opsumit®). PDE-5 inhibitors indicated for the treatmentof PAH include sildenafil (Revatio®), tadalafil (Adcirca®). Prostanoidsindicated for the treatment of PAH include iloprost, epoprosentol andtreprostinil (Remodulin®, Tyvaso®). The one approved guanylate cyclasestimulator is riociguat (Adempas®). Additionally, patients are oftentreated with combinations of the aforementioned compounds.

Portopulmonary hypertension is defined by the coexistence of portal andpulmonary hypertension, and is a serious complication of liver disease.The diagnosis of portopulmonary hypertension is based on hemodynamiccriteria: (1) portal hypertension and/or liver disease (clinicaldiagnosis-ascites/varices/splenomegaly), (2) mean pulmonary arterypressure >25 mmHg at rest, (3) pulmonary vascular resistance >240 dyness/cm⁵, (4) pulmonary artery occlusion pressure <15 mmHg ortranspulmonary gradient >12 mmHg. PPH is a serious complication of liverdisease, and is present in 0.25 to 4% of patients suffering fromcirrhosis. Today, PPH is comorbid in 4-6% of those referred for a livertransplant.

Despite there being treatments for PAH and PPH, the current prostacyclintherapies are associated with severe toxicity and tolerability issues,as well as the requirement for inconvenient dosing schedules. Thepresent invention overcomes addresses these factors by providingcompounds and treatment schedules that provide for less toxicity, bettertolerability and more convenient dosing schedules.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the invention, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided:

wherein R₁ is NH, O or S; R₂ is H, a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, branchedC₅-C₁₈ alkyl, linear C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, aryl;aryl-C₁-C₁₈ alkyl; an amino acid or a peptide; R₃ is H, OH, O-alkyl orO-alkenyl; R₄ is an optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅alkyl, or an optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl;and n is an integer from 0 to 5, with the proviso that the prostacyclincompound is not treprostinil.

In another aspect of the invention, a prostacyclin compound of Formula(II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided:

wherein R₁ is NH, O or S; R₂ is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, alinear C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or a branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C₁-C₁₈alkyl, an amino acid or a peptide; and n is an integer from 0 to 5.

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (I) and/or (II) is provided,wherein one or more hydrogen atoms is substituted with a deuterium.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention relates to anisotopologue of Formula (I) and/or (II), substituted with one or moredeuterium atoms. The isotopologue of Formula (I) and/or (II) may be usedto accurately determine the concentration of compounds of Formula (I)and/or (II) in biological fluids and to determine metabolic patterns ofcompounds of Formula (I) and/or (II) and its isotopologues. Theinvention further provides compositions comprising these deuteratedisotopologues and methods of treating diseases and conditions, as setforth herein.

In one embodiment of the invention, a compound of Formula (I) or (II),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, wherein R₁ is N andn is 1. In a further embodiment, R₂ is a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl or abranched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. In a further embodiment, R₂ is a linear C₆-C₁₂alkyl or a branched C₆-C₁₂ alkyl.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a compound of Formula (I)or (II), wherein R₁ is O and n is 1. In another embodiment, a compoundof Formula (I) or (II) is provided, wherein R₁ is S and n is 1. In yetanother embodiment of the invention, a compound of Formula (I) or (II)is provided, wherein R₁ is N and n is 0.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a prostacyclin compound ofFormula (I) or (II), wherein R₂ is a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. In a furtherembodiment, n is 0 or 1. In even a further embodiment, R₁ is N or O. Inyet a further embodiment, R₂ is a linear C₆-C₁₆ alkyl. Yet anotherembodiment provides a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I) or (II),wherein R₁ is N, R₂ is a linear C₆-C₁₈ alkyl, and n is 1. In even afurther embodiment, R₂ is a linear C₆, C₈ C₁₀, C₁₂, or C₁₄ alkyl.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a prostacyclin compound ofFormula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein R₂is a branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. In a further embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In yeta further embodiment, R₁ is N or O. In even a further embodiment, thebranched alkyl is hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl oroctadecyl.

In yet another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I) or(II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, wherein R₂ isa linear C₅-C₁₈ alkenyl. In a further embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In yet afurther embodiment, R₁ is N or O. In even a further embodiment, thebranched alkyl is hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl oroctadecyl.

In yet another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I) or(II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, wherein R₂ isa branched C₅-C₁₈ alkenyl. In a further embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In yeta further embodiment, R₁ is N or O. In yet a further embodiment, thebranched alkenyl is pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl,decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl,hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl or octadecenyl.

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I) or (II), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, wherein R₂ is a branchedchain alkyl that is either a symmetrical branched alkyl or anasymmetrical branched alkyl. In one embodiment of Formula (I) or (II),R₁ is O or N and R₂ is

where m1 and m2 are independently an integer selected from 1 to 9 andeach occurrence of R′ is independently H, a linear or branched C₁-C₈alkyl, or a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkenyl. When m1 and/or m2 is aninteger from 2-9, the m1/m2 at the end of the carbon chain is CH₃, whilethe remaining m1/m2 groups are CH₂. In a further embodiment, n is 0or 1. In even a further embodiment, n is 1, R₁ is O, R₂ is

and the following compound is provided:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, m1 andm2 are both 4. In another embodiment, m1 is 3 and m2 is 4. In even afurther embodiment, n is 1.

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (I) or (II) is provided, R₁ isO and R₂ is

In yet another embodiment of Formula (I) or (II), R₁ is O and R₂ is

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (I) or (II) is provided, R₁ isN and R₂ is

In yet another embodiment of Formula (I) or (II), R₁ is N and R₂ is

In a further embodiment, n is 1 and the following compound is provided:

(referred to herein as 5-nonanyl-treprostinil or 5C9-TR).

In one embodiment, the prostacyclin compounds of the formulae providedherein having a branched alkyl or branched alkenyl (e.g., where R₂ ofthe formulae provided herein is 5-nonanyl, 3-heptyl, 4-heptyl, 4-octyl,3-octyl, 2-octyl, 2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl,2-ethyl-1-butyl, 3-pentyl) at position R₂ exhibit a slower conversionrate relative to a prostacyclin compound having a linear alcohol chainat position R₂, and have the further advantage of high solubility.

Yet another embodiment of the invention relates to a prostacyclincompound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are defined above, and

R₅ and R₆ are independently selected from H, optionally substitutedlinear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, optionally substituted linear orbranched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl, (C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branchedC₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or (C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅alkenyl, with the proviso that the prostacyclin compound of Formula(III) is not treprostinil.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a prostacyclin compositioncomprising a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III). In oneembodiment, the prostacyclin composition comprises a prostacyclincompound of Formula (I), (II) or (III) and a hydrophobic additive. In afurther embodiment, the hydrophobic additive is a hydrocarbon, a terpeneor a hydrophobic lipid. In another embodiment, the hydrophobic additiveis cholesteryl acetate, ethyl stearate, palmitate, myristate, palmitylpalmitate, tocopheryl acetate, a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, atriglyceride like palmitate, myristate, dodecanoate, decanoate,octanoate or squalane. In even a further embodiment, the hydrophobicadditive is squalane.

In another aspect of the invention, a composition comprising aprostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), and an amphiphilicagent is provided. In one embodiment, the amphiphilic agent is aPEGylated lipid, a surfactant or a block copolymer. In a furtherembodiment, the prostacyclin composition comprises a prostacyclincompound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), and a PEGylated lipid. In afurther embodiment, the PEGylated lipid comprises PEG400, PEG500,PEG1000, PEG2000, PEG3000, PEG4000, or PEG5000. In a further embodimentthe lipid component of the PEGylated lipid comprises PEG covalentlylinked to dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), dipalmitoylphosphoethanolamine (DPPE), distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE),dimyristoylglycerol glycerol (DMG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG),disteraroylglycerol (DSG).

In another embodiment of the invention, a composition comprising aprostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), a hydrophobicadditive and an amphiphilic agent is provided. In one embodiment, theamphiphilic agent is a PEGylated lipid, a surfactant or a blockcopolymer. In a further embodiment, the hydrophobic additive issqualane. In a further embodiment, a PEGylated lipid is present in thecomposition and comprises PEG400, PEG500, PEG1000, PEG2000, PEG3000,PEG4000 or PEG5000.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for treating pulmonaryhypertension (PH) is provided. The treatment methods include treatmentof group I (PAH), group II, group III, group IV or group V PH. In oneembodiment, the method for treating PH comprises treatment of pulmonaryarterial hypertension (PAH) in a patient in need thereof. In oneembodiment, the method for treating PAH comprises administering to thepatient in need of treatment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I),(II) or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or acomposition comprising a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (II) or(III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a furtherembodiment, the administration is subcutaneous, oral, nasal, intravenousor a pulmonary route of administration. In the case of pulmonaryadministration, the compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), or thecomposition comprising the prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (II) or(III) is administered to the patient via a nebulizer, dry powderinhaler, or metered dose inhaler.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for treating portopulmonaryhypertension (PPH) in a patient in need thereof is provided. In oneembodiment, the method for treating PPH comprises administering to thepatient in need of treatment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I),(II) or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or acomposition comprising a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (II) or(III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a furtherembodiment, the administration is subcutaneous, oral, nasal, intravenousor a pulmonary route of administration. In the case of pulmonaryadministration, the compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition comprisingthe prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III) is administeredto the patient via a nebulizer, dry powder inhaler, or metered doseinhaler.

In one embodiment of the invention, a method for treating PH, PAH or PPHin a patient in need thereof is provided, comprises administering to thelungs of the patient a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (II) or(III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, via a metered doseinhaler comprising a propellant. In a further embodiment, the propellantis a fluorocarbon. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (I), (II)or (III) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered viaa metered dose inhaler to the lungs of a patient in need of PH, PAH orPPH treatment, and administration occurs once, twice or three timesdaily. In embodiments where the compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III),or a composition comprising the compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III),is administered orally, nasally, subcutaneously, intravenously or to thelungs (e.g., via nebulization, dry powder inhaler or metered doseinhaler), administration to the patient is either once or twice daily.In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), or acomposition comprising the compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III) isadministered once daily to the patient in need of treatment, andadministration is subcutaneous, intravenous, oral, nasal, or to thelungs via aerosolization using a nebulizer, dry powder inhaler, ormetered dose inhaler.

In one embodiment, the patient treated for PH, PAH or PPH with thecompounds, compositions and methods described herein experiences adecreased number of side effect(s), or a reduction in severity of sideeffect(s), compared to the number of side effect(s) or severity of sideeffect(s) experienced when the patient is administered treprostinil. Inone embodiment, the side effect is the patient's cough response, and thefrequency and/or severity is reduced, as compared to the frequencyand/or severity of cough response experienced by the patient whenadministered treprostinil.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need thereof via a pulmonary route by the PH, PAH or PPHtreatment methods described herein provides a greater pulmonaryelimination half-life (t_(1/2)) of the prostacyclin compound and/or itsmetabolite treprostinil, compared to the pulmonary elimination half-life(t_(1/2)) of treprostinil, when treprostinil is administered via apulmonary route (e.g., by nebulization, dry powder inhaler, or a metereddose inhaler) to the patient.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need thereof, via the PH, PAH or PPH treatment methodsdescribed herein provides a greater systemic half-life (t_(1/2)) of theprostacyclin compound and/or its metabolite treprostinil, compared tothe systemic elimination half-life (t_(1/2)) of treprostinil, whentreprostinil is administered to the patient. In a further embodiment,administration of the prostacyclin compound and treprostinil comprisessubcutaneous or intravenous administration.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need of PH, PAH or PPH treatment provides a greater meanpulmonary C_(max) and/or lower plasma C_(max) of treprostinil for thepatient, compared to the respective pulmonary or plasma C_(max) oftreprostinil, when treprostinil is administered to the patient.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need of PH (e.g., PAH) or PPH treatment provides a greatermean pulmonary or plasma area under the curve (AUC_(0-t)) of theprostacyclin compound and/or its metabolite treprostinil, compared tothe mean pulmonary or plasma area under the curve (AUC_(0-t)) oftreprostinil, when treprostinil is administered to the patient. In yetanother embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to a patientin need thereof provides a greater pulmonary or plasma time to peakconcentration (t_(max)) of the prostacyclin compound and/or itsmetabolite treprostinil, compared to the pulmonary or plasma time topeak concentration (t_(max)) of treprostinil, when treprostinil isadministered to the patient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A is a graph showing the spontaneous hydrolysis of treprostinilcompounds vs. time. (C3: propyl ester, C4: butyl ester, C5: pentylester, C6: hexyl ester, C8: octyl ester and C10: decyl ester).

FIG. 1B is a graph showing esterase-mediated hydrolysis of the alkylchains at various timepoints (15 min., 30 min., 60 min.) of treprostinilcompounds dissolved in aqueous buffer, and treprostinil compositionscomprising PEGylated lipids.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the average particle diameter for varioustreprostinil alkyl esters in formulations comprising PEGylated lipids asa function of alkyl ester chain length. The alkyl chain is present atthe carboxylic acid moiety of treprostinil. PD is polydispersity.

FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are graphs of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4cells (2.5×10⁴ cells/well) vs. time, in response to 10 μM (FIG. 3A), 1μM (FIG. 3B) or 0.1 μM (FIG. 3C) treprostinil and treprostinil alkylester compositions. (C6: hexyl ester, C8: octyl ester, C10: decylester).

FIG. 4 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. time, in response to 5 μM treprostinil and treprostinilalkyl ester compositions. (C6: hexyl ester, C8: octyl ester, C10: decylester, C12: dodecyl ester).

FIG. 5 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. time, in response to challenge with treprostinil andvarious treprostinil alkyl ester compounds at 5 μM.

FIG. 6 is graph of relative cAMP activity of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. time, in response to challenge with treprostinil andnebulized and non-nebulized treprostinil alkyl ester compositions, asmeasured by a modified GloSensor assay. “(N)” indicates nebulizedcompositions.

FIG. 7 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. free treprostinil, at various dosages and time points.

FIG. 8 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. T554 (C₂-TR) treprostinil alkyl ester compositionchallenge, at various dosages and time points.

FIG. 9 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. T568 (C₁₂-TR) treprostinil alkyl ester compositionchallenge, at various dosages and time points.

FIG. 10 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. T631 (C₁₄-TR) treprostinil alkyl ester compositionchallenge, at various dosages and time points.

FIG. 11 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. T623 (C₁₆-TR) treprostinil alkyl ester compositionchallenge, at various dosages and time points.

FIG. 12 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. treprostinil ethyl ester (C₂)) compound challenge, atvarious dosages and time points.

FIG. 13 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. treprostinil ethyl ester (Cu) compound challenge, atvarious dosages and time points.

FIG. 14 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1-P4 cells (2.5×10⁴cells/well) vs. treprostinil ethyl ester (C₂) compositions, at variousdosages and time points.

FIG. 15A is a graph of pulmonary arterial pressure (expressed as apercent of the starting hypoxia value) vs. time, in response to animalchallenge with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), treprostinil, andprostacyclin compositions (T554 (C₂) and T-568 (C₁₂)). The target dosefor treprostinil and prostacyclin alkyl esters was 76.8 nmole/kg; theachieved deposited dose may be 5× lower than these target values.

FIG. 15B is a dot plot showing the effect of treprostinil and C₂, C₈,C₁₀, and C₁₂ treprostinil alkyl ester compositions on PAP (expressed asa percent of the starting hypoxia value) in an in vivo acute hypoxia ratmodel of PAH. Doses were target values and actual achieved lung dosesmay be approximately 5× lower.

FIG. 16 is a graph of systemic arterial pressure (expressed as a percentof the starting hypoxia value) vs. time, in response to animal challengewith PBS, treprostinil, and treprostinil alkyl ester compositions (T554(C₂-TR) and T-568 (C₁₂-TR)) in an in vivo acute hypoxia rat model ofPAH. The vertical dotted line marks change in x-axis time increments.The target dose for treprostinil and prostacyclin alkyl esters was 76.8nmole/kg; the achieved deposited dose may be 5× lower than these targetvalues.

FIG. 17 is a graph of in vivo heart rate (expressed as a percent of thestarting hypoxia value) vs. time, in response to animal challenge withPBS, treprostinil and treprostinil alkyl ester compositions (T554 (C₂)and T-568 (C₁₂)) in an in vivo acute hypoxia rat model of PAH. Thevertical dashed line marks change in x-axis time increments. The targetdose for treprostinil and prostacyclin alkyl esters was 76.8 nmole/kg;the achieved deposited dose may be 5× lower than these target values.

FIG. 18, top panel, is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cellsas a function of 5C9-TR (5-nonanyl-treprostinil alkyl ester composition)challenge, at various dosages and time points. FIG. 18, bottom panel,shows the EC50 of 5C₉-TR over time, calculated from the cAMP response ofCHO-K1 cells vs. 5C9-TR.

FIG. 19, top panel, is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cellsvs. C₁₄-TR (C₁₄ treprostinil alkyl ester composition) challenge, atvarious dosages and time points. FIG. 19, bottom panel, shows the EC50of C₁₄-TR over time, calculated from the cAMP response of CHO-K1 cellsvs. C₁₄-TR.

FIG. 20, top panel, is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cellsvs. C₁₆-TR (C₁₆ treprostinil alkyl ester composition) challenge, atvarious dosages and time points. FIG. 20, bottom panel, shows the EC50of C₁₆-TR over time, calculated from the cAMP response of CHO-K1 cellsvs. C₁₆-TR.

FIG. 21 are graphs of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cells vs. time,in response to challenge with C₁₂-TR, C₁₄-TR, C₁₆-TR, or 5-nonanyl-TR(5C₉-TR) at 10 μM (top panel) or 5 μM (bottom panel).

FIG. 22 (top panel) is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cellsvs. T679 (C₁₄-TR 45 mol %, squalane 45 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10%)treprostinil alkyl ester composition challenge, at various dosages andtime points. FIG. 22 (bottom panel) shows the EC50 of T679 over time,calculated from the cAMP response of CHO-K1 cells vs. T679.

FIG. 23 is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cells vs. time,in response to challenge with treprostinil, T631 (C₁₄-TR 40 mol %,squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %), or T679 (C₁₄-TR45 mol %, squalane 45 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %) at 10 μM (top panel)or 5 μM (bottom panel).

FIG. 24, top panel, is a graph of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cellsvs. T647 (C₁₄-TR 90 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %) treprostinil alkyl estercomposition challenge, at various dosages and time points. FIG. 24,bottom panel, shows the EC50 of T647 over time, calculated from the cAMPresponses of CHO-K1 cells v. T647-TR.

FIG. 25 are graphs of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cells vs. time,in response to challenge with treprostinil, T631 (C₁₄-TR 40 mol %,squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %), or T647 (C₁₄-TR90 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %) at 10 μM (top panel) or 5 μM (bottompanel).

FIG. 26, top panel, is a graph of relative cAMP responses of CHO-K1cells v. T637 (C₁₈-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %,DOPC 10 mol %) treprostinil alkyl ester lipid nanoparticle compositionchallenge, at various dosages and time points. FIG. 26, bottom panel,shows the EC50 of T637 over time, calculated from the cAMP responses ofCHO-K1 cells v. T637-TR.

FIG. 27 are graphs of relative cAMP response of CHO-K1 cells vs. time,in response to challenge with treprostinil, T555 (C₈-TR 40 mol %,squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %), T556 (C₁₀-TR 40mol %, squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %), T568(C₁₂-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol%), T631 (C₁₄-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC10 mol %), T623 (C₁₆-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol%, DOPC 10 mol %), or T637 (C₁₈-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %,chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %) at 10 μM (top panel) or 5 μM (bottompanel).

FIG. 28 is a graph of the conversion rate (% of total) over time (hours)for linear (C₈TR) versus branched (2-dimethyl-1-propanyl-TR,3,3-dimethyl-1-butanyl-TR, 2-ethyl-1-butanyl-TR, 5-nonanyl-TR, or3-pentanyl-TR) prostacyclin compounds.

FIG. 29 is a graph showing the conversion of treprostinil compoundsderivatized with various linear alkyl chains, relative to the conversionof the treprostinil compound derivatized with an octyl moiety (R₂=C₈).Conversion was measured at 1 hr after incubation with esterase.

FIG. 30 is a graph showing the conversion of treprostinil compoundsderivatized with various branched alkyl chains, relative to theconversion of the treprostinil compound derivatized with an octyl moiety(R₂=C₈). Conversion was measured at 1 hr after incubation with esterase.

FIG. 31 is a schematic of the Jaeger-NYU nose only directed-flowinhalation exposure system (CH Technologies, Westwood, N.J.,www.onares.org) used for a 24-hour pharmacokinetics study.

FIG. 32, left, is a graph of treprostinil blood plasma levels (ng/mL) asa function of time for treprostinil and various inhaled treprostinilalkyl ester formulations. FIG. 32, right, is a graph of treprostinilblood plasma levels (ng/mL) as a function of time for treprostinil andvarious inhaled treprostinil alkyl ester micelle formulations.

FIG. 33 is a graph of treprostinil and treprostinil alkyl esterconcentration in the lung after dosing with nebulized treprostinilsolution or formulated treprostinil alkyl ester suspensions. Lungs werecollected at 6 hours after dosing. Treprostinil alkyl esterconcentration is presented as treprostinil equivalent on a mole base.

FIG. 34, top, is a graph of treprostinil blood plasma levels (ng/mL) asa function of time in rats after nose-only inhalation of nebulizedtreprostinil alkyl ester formulations. FIG. 34, bottom, is a graph oftreprostinil and treprostinil alkyl ester blood plasma levels (ng/mL) asa function of time in rats after nose-only inhalation of nebulizedtreprostinil alkyl ester formulations.

FIG. 35, top is a graph of treprostinil blood plasma levels (ng/mL) as afunction of time after nebulization of various concentrations of C₁₆-TRformulations (nose only dosing). FIG. 35, bottom is a graph oftreprostinil and C₁₆-TR blood plasma levels (ng/mL) as a function oftime after nebulization of various concentrations of C₁₆-TR formulations(nose only dosing).

FIG. 36 is a graph of plasma concentrations of treprostinil (ng/mL) inintubated dogs as a function of time, after administration oftreprostinil or the T623 lipid nanoparticle formulation (C₁₆-TR 40 mol%, squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %).

FIG. 37, left is a graph of treprostinil alkyl ester conversion totreprostinil as function of time for various treprostinil alkyl estersexposed to rat lung tissue homogenate. FIG. 37, right, is a graph ofC₁₂-treprostinil conversion to treprostinil as function of time in rat,dog and monkey lung tissue homogenate.

FIG. 38 is a graph of mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) as afunction of time in rats treated with PBS, treprostinil, T568 (C₁₂-TR 40mol %, squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %) or T623(C₁₆-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol%).

FIG. 39 top, is a graph of mean systemic arterial pressure (mSAP) as afunction of time in rats treated with PBS, treprostinil, T568 or T623.FIG. 39, bottom, is a graph of heart rate as a function of time in ratstreated with PBS, treprostinil, T568 or T623.

FIG. 40 is a graph of treprostinil blood plasma levels (ng/mL) as afunction of time in rats after administration of free treprostinil, T568or T623.

FIG. 41 is a graph of treprostinil blood plasma levels (ng/mL) as afunction of time in rats after administration of composition T763 i

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to both a straight chain alkyl,wherein alkyl chain length is indicated by a range of numbers, and abranched alkyl, wherein a branching point in the chain exists, and thetotal number of carbons in the chain is indicated by a range of numbers.In exemplary embodiments, “alkyl” refers to an alkyl chain as definedabove containing 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 carbons (i.e.,C₆-C₁₆ alkyl).

The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to a carbon chain containingone or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

The term “aryl” as used herein refers to a cyclic hydrocarbon, where thering is characterized by delocalized π electrons (aromaticity) sharedamong the ring members, and wherein the number of ring atoms isindicated by a range of numbers. In exemplary embodiments, “aryl” refersto a cyclic hydrocarbon as described above containing 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10ring atoms (i.e., C₆-C10 aryl). Examples of an aryl group include, butare not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, tetralin, indene, and indane.

The term “alkoxy” as used herein refers to —O-(alkyl), wherein “alkyl”is as defined above.

The term “substituted” in connection with a moiety as used herein refersto a further substituent which is attached to the moiety at anyacceptable location on the moiety. Unless otherwise indicated, moietiescan bond through a carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or any otheracceptable atom.

The term “amino acid” refers to both natural (genetically encoded) andnon-natural (non-genetically encoded) amino acids, and moieties thereof.Of the twenty natural amino acids, 19 have the general structure:

where R is the amino acid sidechain. The 20^(th) amino acid, proline, isalso within the scope of the present invention, and has the followingstructure:

Of the twenty natural amino acids, all but glycine is chiral, and boththe D- and L-amino acid isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, areamenable for use with the prostacyclin compounds described herein. It isalso noted that an amino acid moiety is encompassed by the term “aminoacid.” For example, the amino acid moieties

are encompassed by the term “amino acid.”

Examples of non-natural amino acids amenable for use with the presentinvention include β-alanine (β-Ala); 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dpr);nipecotic acid (Nip); pipecolic acid (Pip); ornithine (Om); citrulline(Cit); t-butylalanine (t-BuA); 2-tbutylglycine (t-BuG);N-methylisoleucine (MeIle); phenylglycine (PhG); cyclohexylalanine(ChA); norleucine (Nle); naphthylalanine (Nal); 4-chlorophenylalanine(Phe(4-Cl)); 2-fluorophenylalanine (Phe(2-F)); 3-fluorophen ylalanine(Phe(3-F)); 4-fluorophenylalanine (Phe(4-F)); penicillamine (Pen);1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (IIc);β-2-thienylalanine (Thi); methionine sulfoxide (MSO); homoarginine(hArg); N-acetyllysine (AcLys); 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Dbu);2,3-diaminobutyric acid (Dab); p-aminophenylalanine (Phe (pNH₂));N-methyl valine (MeVal); homocysteine (hCys), homophenylalanine (hPhe);homoserine (hSer); hydroxyproline (Hyp); homoproline (hPro); and thecorresponding D-enantiomer of each of the foregoing. Othernon-genetically encoded amino acid residues include 3-aminopropionicacid; 4-aminobutyric acid; isonipecotic acid (Inp); aza-pipecolic acid(azPip); aza-proline (azPro); α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib);ε-aminohexanoic acid (Aha); 6-aminovaleric acid (Ava); N-methylglycine(MeGly).

A “peptide” is a polymer of amino acids (or moieties thereof) linked bya peptide bond. Peptides for use with the present invention, comprisefrom about two to about fifteen amino acids, for example, two, three,four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten amino acids (or moietiesthereof).

The term “salt” or “salts” as used herein encompasses pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts commonly used to form alkali metal salts of free acidsand to form addition salts of free bases. The nature of the salt is notcritical, provided that it is pharmaceutically acceptable. Suitablepharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from aninorganic acid or from an organic acid. Exemplary pharmaceutical saltsare disclosed in Stahl, P. H., Wermuth, C. G., Eds. Handbook ofPharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use; Verlag HelveticaChimica Acta/Wiley-VCH: Zurich, 2002, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety. Specific non-limitingexamples of inorganic acids are hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic,nitric, carbonic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid. Appropriate organicacids include, without limitation, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic,arylaliphatic, and heterocyclyl containing carboxylic acids and sulfonicacids, for example formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic,gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic,fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, mesylic,stearic, salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic(pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic,toluenesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, sulfanilic,cyclohexylaminosulfonic, algenic, 3-hydroxybutyric, galactaric orgalacturonic acid. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of freeacid-containing compounds disclosed herein include, without limitation,metallic salts and organic salts. Exemplary metallic salts include, butare not limited to, appropriate alkali metal (group Ia) salts, alkalineearth metal (group Ha) salts, and other physiological acceptable metals.Such salts can be made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium,potassium, sodium and zinc. Exemplary organic salts can be made fromprimary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines and quaternaryammonium salts, for example, tromethamine, diethylamine,tetra-N-methylammonium, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine,choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine)and procaine.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a prostacyclin compound,for example, a treprostinil derivative, or a composition comprising thesame, that is effective when employed in a once-daily, twice-daily orthree-times daily dosing regimen, for example, for the treatment ofpulmonary arterial hypertension or portopulmonary hypertension in apatient in need thereof. The prostacyclin compound provided herein, inone embodiment, can be administered less frequently than treprostinil,with equal or greater efficacy. Moreover, in one embodiment, the sideeffect profile of the compounds provided herein is less deleterious thanthe side effect profile resulting from treprostinil administration.These advantages, in one embodiment, allow for greater patientcompliance. Treatment, in one embodiment, occurs through pulmonaryadministration of one of the compounds provided herein, for example viaa nebulizer, dry powder inhaler, or a metered dose inhaler. In someembodiments, a composition comprising one of the compounds providedherein is administered via a nebulizer to a patient in need of PHtreatment. In some embodiments a compound described herein is suspendedin a propellant and delivered to a patient via a metered dose inhaler.

In one aspect of the invention described herein, a prostacyclin compoundof Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isprovided:

wherein R₁ is NH, O or S;

R₂ is H, a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, linear C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C₁-C₁₈ alkyl; an amino acidor a peptide;

R₃ is H, OH, optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyoxy,O-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl,O—(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, orO—(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl;

R₄ is an optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or anoptionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl; and

n is an integer from 0 to 5, with the proviso that the prostacyclincompound of Formula (I) is not treprostinil.

In a further embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I) isprovided, wherein R₃ is OH and n is 0 or 1. In even a furtherembodiment, R₄ is an optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅alkyl. In even a further embodiment, R₁ is NH or O.

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I) is provided,wherein R₁ is NH, O or S; R₂ is a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, branched C₅-C₁₈alkyl, linear C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl, branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl; R₃ is H, OH orO-alkyl; R₄ is an optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅alkyl, or an optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl;and n is an integer from 0 to 5. In even a further embodiment, R₁ is NHor O and R₂ is a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl or a branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl.

In one embodiment, R₂ is aryl or aryl-C₁-C₁₈ alkyl; R₃ is OH and n is 0or 1. In even a further embodiment, R₄ is an optionally substitutedlinear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a prostacyclincompound of Formula (I), wherein the compound is a compound of one ofFormulae (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

wherein, R₂ is H, a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, linear C₂-C₁₈alkenyl, or a branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl;

R₃ is H, OH, optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyoxy,O-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl,—O(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or—O(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl; and

R₄ is

an optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or anoptionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl, where R₅ is H,optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, optionallysubstituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl, (C═O)-optionallysubstituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or (C═O)-optionallysubstituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl. In a further embodiment,R₄ is

with the proviso that the compound is not treprostinil, i.e., R₂ and R₅cannot both be H.

In one embodiment of Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ic) andFormula (Id), R₂ is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. In even a furtherembodiment, R₂ is

where m1 and m2 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 9and each occurrence of R′ is independently H, a linear or branched C₁-C₈alkyl, or a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkenyl. In even a furtherembodiment, R₂ is

and m1 and m2 are both 4. In another embodiment, R₂ is

and m1 is 3 and m2 is 4, or m1 is 2 and m2 is 3.

When m1 and/or m2 is an integer from 2-9, the m1/m2 at the end of thecarbon chain is CH₃, while the remaining m1/m2 groups are CH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ic) andFormula (Id), R₂ is

In a further embodiment, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

where R₅ is H, optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl,optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl,(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl.

In one embodiment of Formulae (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id), R₂ is H, R₃ isOH and R₄ is

and R₅ is

where m1 and m2 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 9and each occurrence of R′ is independently H, a linear or branched C₁-C₈alkyl, or a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkenyl. When m1 and/or m2 is aninteger from 2-9, the m1/m2 at the end of the carbon chain is CH₃, whilethe remaining m1/m2 groups are CH₂.

In another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of one of Formula (Ia),(Ib), (Ic) or (Id) is provided wherein R₃ is OH, as provided in one ofFormulae (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′) or (Id′):

wherein, R₂ is H, a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, or a linear orbranched C₅-C₁₈ alkenyl; and R₄ is

an optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or anoptionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl, wherein R₅ isH, optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, optionallysubstituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl, (C═O)-optionallysubstituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or (C═O)-optionallysubstituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl, with the proviso that R₂and R₅ are not both H. In one embodiment of Formula (Ia′), Formula(Ib′), Formula (Ic′) and Formula (Id′), R₄ is

where m1 and m2 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 9and each occurrence of R′ is independently H, a linear or branched C₁-C₈alkyl, or a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkenyl. In even a furtherembodiment, R₂ is

Yet another embodiment of the invention relates to a prostacyclincompound of one of Formula (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″) or (Id″), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein,

R₂ is H, a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, linear C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl,branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C₁-C₁₈ alkyl; an amino acid or apeptide; and

R₃ is H, OH, optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyoxy,O-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl,O—(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, orO—(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl; and

R₅ is H, optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl,optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl,(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or(C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl, with theproviso that R₂ and R₅ are not both H. In a further embodiment, R₃ is OHand R₂ is 5-nonanyl, 4-heptyl, 4-octyl, 3-octyl, 2-dimethyl-1-propyl,3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, 3-pentyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl,octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl,hexadecyl, heptadecyl or octadecyl. In even a further embodiment, R₂ isdecyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl,heptadecyl or octadecyl. In even a further embodiment, R₂ is a linearalkyl.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compounds ofFormula (Ic), (Ic′) and (Ic″). In a further embodiment, R₂ is a linearC₅-C₁₈ alkyl or a branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. In even a further embodiment,R₂ is a linear C₆-C₁₈ alkyl or a branched C₆-C₁₈ alkyl. In yet a furtherembodiment, R₂ is a linear C₆-C₁₄ alkyl, e.g., a linear C₆ alkyl, C₈alkyl, C₁₀ alkyl, C₁₂ alkyl or C₁₄ alkyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (Ic″) is provided wherein R₂ isa linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl; R₃ is OH and R₅ is H. In another embodiment, acompound of Formula (Ic″) is provided wherein R₂ is a linear C₆-C₁₈alkyl; R₃ is OH and R₅ is H. In yet embodiment, a compound of Formula(Ic″) is provided wherein R₂ is a linear C₆-C₁₆ alkyl; R₃ is OH and R₅is H. In even another embodiment, a compound of Formula (Ic″) isprovided wherein R₂ is a linear C₈-C₁₄ alkyl; R₃ is OH and R₅ is OH.

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (Ic″) is provided wherein R₂ isa linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl; R₃ is OH and R₅ is H. In another embodiment, acompound of Formula (Ic″) is provided wherein R₂ is a branched C₆-C₁₈alkyl; R₃ is OH and R₅ is H. In yet embodiment, a compound of Formula(Ic″) is provided wherein R₂ is a branched C₆-C₁₆ alkyl; R₃ is OH and R₅is H. In even another embodiment, a compound of Formula (Ic″) isprovided wherein R₂ is a branched C₈-C₁₄ alkyl; R₃ is OH and R₅ is H.

In even a further embodiment, a compound of Formula (Ic), (Ic′) and(Ic″) is administered to a patient in need of PH treatment via a metereddose inhaler.

In yet another embodiment of Formula (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″) or (Id″), R₃ isOH, R₅ is H and R₂ is

where m1 and m2 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 9.In even a further embodiment, R₂ is

In yet another embodiment of Formula (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″) or (Id″), R₂ isH, R₃ is OH, and R₅ is

where m1 and m2 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 9.In even a further embodiment, R₂ is

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id) is provided where R₂ is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl.In a further embodiment, R₂ is 5-nonanyl, 4-heptanyl, 4-octanyl,3-octanyl, 2-dimethyl-1-propanyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanyl,2-ethyl-1-butanyl, 3-pentanyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl,decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl,heptadecyl or octadecyl.

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″) or (Id″) isprovided where R₂ is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. In even afurther embodiment, R₂ is a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. In another embodiment,R₂ is

where m1 and m2 are each independently an integer selected from 1 to 9and each occurrence of R′ is independently H, a linear or branched C₁-C₈alkyl, or a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkenyl. In even a furtherembodiment, R₂ is

In another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic) or (Id) is provided wherein R₂ is a branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. Ina further embodiment, R₂ is 5-nonanyl, 4-heptyl, 4-octyl, 3-octyl,2-dimethyl-1-prop yl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, 3-pentyl,pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl,tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl or octadecyl.

In one embodiment of the invention, the prostacyclin compound of theinvention has the following structure:

wherein R₁ is NH, O or S.

For example, R₁ is O or N, and one of the following compounds (5-nonanyltreprostinil (alkyl ester, 5C₉-TR) or 5-nonanyl treprostinil (amidelinked; 5C₉-TR-A), is provided:

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id) is provided wherein R₂ is

where m1 and m2 are each independently each an integer selected from 1to 9 and each occurrence of R′ is independently H, a linear or branchedC₁-C₈ alkyl, or a linear or branched C₁-C₈ alkenyl.

When m1 and/or m2 is an integer from 2-9, the m1/m2 at the end of thecarbon chain is CH₃, while the remaining m1/m2 groups are CH₂.

In even another embodiment, a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic),(Id), (Ia′), (III′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″) or (Id″) isprovided and R₂ is

The compounds provided herein can include a symmetrical branched alkylor an asymmetrical branched alkyl as the R₂ moiety. For example, whereR₂ is

m1 and m2 can be the same integer and R₂ is therefore a symmetricalbranched alkyl. R₂ is an asymmetrical branched alkyl when m1 and m2 aredifferent.

In another embodiment, a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic),(Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″) or (Id″) isprovided, R₂ is

m1 is 2 and m2 is 3, m1 and m2 are each independently 4, or m1 and m2are each independently 3.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound comprises anasymmetrical branched alkyl at the R₂ position, such as, for example,3-hexanyl (3C₆), 2-heptanyl (2C₇), 3-heptanyl (3C₇), 2-octanyl (2C₈),3-octanyl (3C₈), or 4-octanyl (4C₈).

In another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic) or (Id) is provided wherein R₂ is a branched alkyl selectedfrom 2,2-diethyl-1-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 4-octyl, 5-nonanyl,2-ethyl-1-butyl, 2-propyl-1-pentyl, 12-butyl-1-octyl,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, and 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl.

In another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′) or (Id′) is provided, wherein, R₂is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkenyl. For example, in one embodiment,R₂ is a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkenyl selected from pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl,octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl,pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl or octadecenyl. In a furtherembodiment, R₃ is OH. In another embodiment, R₂ is a branched C₅-C₁₈alkenyl selected from pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl,decenyl, undecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl,heptadecenyl or octadecenyl. In a further embodiment, R₃ is OH.

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id) is provided and R₄ is

In a further embodiment, R₄ is

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id) is provided and R₂ a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, R₃ is OH and R₄is

In a further embodiment, R₂ is 5-nonanyl, 4-heptyl, 4-octanyl,3-octanyl, 2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl,3-pentyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl,tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl or octadecyl.

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id) is provided and R₂ hexyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl,5-nonanyl, 4-heptanyl, 4-octanyl, 3-octanyl, 2-dimethyl-1-propyl,3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, 3-pentyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id) is provided and R₂ hexyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id) is provided and R₂ hexyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (Ia″), (Ib″),(Ic″) or (Id″) is provided and R₂ hexyl, R₃ is OH R₄ is H. In a furtherembodiment, the compound is a compound of Formula (Ic″). In yet anotherembodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″) or(Id″) is provided and R₂ dodecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl or hexadecyl,R₃ is OH R₄ is H. In a further embodiment, the compound is a compound ofFormula (Ia″). In even a further embodiment, the compound is present ina lipid nanoparticle formulation as described in more detail below.

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, and R₂heptyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, and R₂octyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, and R₂nonyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided,and R₂ decyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In yet another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided,and R₂ undecyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In even another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isprovided, and R₂ dodecyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, and R₂tridecyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic), or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided,and R₂ tetradecyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In even another embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isprovided, and R₂ pentadecyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

Another embodiment of the invention concerns a prostacyclin compound ofFormula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id), or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, wherein R₂ hexadecyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

Yet another embodiment of the invention concerns a prostacyclin compoundof Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id), a or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, wherein R₂ heptadecyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

Yet another embodiment of the invention concerns a prostacyclin compoundof Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, wherein R₂ octadecyl, R₃ is OH and R₄ is

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, is provided, wherein one or morehydrogen atoms is substituted with a deuterium. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the present invention relates to an isotopologue of Formula(I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id), substituted with one or more deuteriumatoms. The isotopologue of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) may beused to accurately determine the concentration of compounds of Formula(I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id) in biological fluids and to determinemetabolic patterns of compounds of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id)and its isotopologues. The invention further provides compositionscomprising these deuterated isotopologues and methods of treatingdiseases and conditions, as set forth herein.

In another aspect of the invention, a prostacyclin compound of Formula(II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided:

wherein R₁ is NH, O or S;R₂ is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, a linear C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or abranched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, an amino acid or apeptide; andn is an integer from 0 to 5.

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound of Formula (II), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided, wherein R₁ is NH,O or S; R₂ is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, a linear C₂-C₁₈ alkenylor a branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl; and n is an integer from 0 to 5. In afurther embodiment, n is 1 and R₁ is NH or O.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the prostacyclincompound of Formula (II), wherein the compound is a compound of formula(IIa), (IIb), (IIc) or (IId), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

wherein R₂ is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl, a linear C₂-C₁₈ alkenylor a branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, an amino acid ora peptide. In a further embodiment, a compound of formula (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) or (IId) is provided wherein R₂ is a linear or branched C₅-C₁₈alkyl, a linear C₂-C₁₈ alkenyl or a branched C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl. In oneembodiment, a compound of Formula (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) or (IId) isprovided, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms is substituted with adeuterium. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention relatesto an isotopologue of Formula (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) or (IId),substituted with one or more deuterium atoms. The isotopologue ofFormula (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) or (IId) may be used to accuratelydetermine the concentration of compounds of Formula (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) or (IId) in biological fluids and to determine metabolic patternsof compounds of Formula (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) or (IId) and itsisotopologues. The invention further provides compositions comprisingthese deuterated isotopologues and methods of treating diseases andconditions, as set forth herein.

In one embodiment, the prostacyclin derivative is a compound of Formula(IIc). In a further embodiment, R₂ is a linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl or abranched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl. For example, in one embodiment, R₂ is a linearC₆-C₁₈ alkyl. In another embodiment of Formula (IIc), R₂ is a linearC₆-C₁₀ alkyl. In even a further embodiment of Formula (IIc), R₂ is ahexyl, heptyl or octyl.

Compounds of Formula (IIa) and Formula (IId) are provided in tables Aand B below.

TABLE A Compounds of Formula (IIa) R₂ ₌ linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₆ alkyl R₂ ₌linear C₆-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₆-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₉ alkyl R₂ ₌branched C₇ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₇-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₇-C₁₈ alkyl R₂₌ linear C₁₀ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₈₋C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌branched C₈-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₁ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₉ alkyl R₂ ₌linear C₉-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₉-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₂ alkyl R₂₌ branched C₁₀ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₀-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₀-C₁₈alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₃ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₁ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₁-C₁₈alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₁-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₄ alkyl R₂ ₌ branchedC₁₂ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₂-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₂-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌linear C₁₅ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₃ alkyl

TABLE B Compounds of Formula (IIc) R₂ ₌ linear C₅-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌branched C₅-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₆ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₆ alkyl R₂ ₌linear C₆-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₆-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₇ alkyl R₂ ₌branched C₇ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₇-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₇-C₁₈ alkyl R₂₌ linear C₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₈-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌branched C₈-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₉ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₉ alkyl R₂ ₌linear C₉-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₉-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₀ alkyl R₂₌ branched C₁₀ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₀-C₁₈ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₀-C₁₈alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₁ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₁ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₅-C₁₂alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₅-C₁₂ alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₁₂ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₂alkyl R₂ ₌ linear C₆-C₁₀ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₆-C₁₀ alkyl R₂ ₌ linearC₁₃ alkyl R₂ ₌ branched C₁₃ alkyl

Yet another embodiment of the invention relates to a prostacyclincompound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are defined as provided for Formula (I) and (II), and

R₅ and R₆ are independently selected from H, optionally substitutedlinear or branched C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, optionally substituted linear orbranched C₂-C₁₅ alkenyl, (C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branchedC₁-C₁₅ alkyl, or (C═O)-optionally substituted linear or branched C₂-C₁₅alkenyl, with the proviso that the prostacyclin compound of Formula(III) is not treprostinil.

In one embodiment, the branched chain prostacyclin compounds providedherein exhibit both higher solubility and slower enzymatic conversion totreprostinil relative to a linear chain derivatized prostacyclincompound. In one embodiment, an asymmetrical branched chain prostacyclincompound is provided, wherein the asymmetrical branched chainprostacyclin compound is more stable than a corresponding symmetricalbranched chain prostacyclin compound.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides prostacyclin compoundsthat contain a chiral moiety at one or more of the R₂, R₅ and/or R₆positions. For example, the moiety at position R₂, in one embodiment, isa chiral moiety and comprises either the R isomer, the S isomer, or amixture thereof. An optical isomer at position R₂, R₅ and/or R₆ can alsobe classified with the D/L nomenclature. For example, where R₂ is anamino acid or an amino acid moiety, the amino acid or amino acid moietycan be the D-isomer, L-isomer, or a mixture thereof.

In one embodiment, one or more of the R₂, R₅ and/or R₆ moieties is the Risomer or S isomer. In another embodiment, one or more of the R₂, R₅and/or R₆ moieties provided herein comprise a mixture of R and Smoieties. The “R isomer” or “S isomer” as used herein refers to anenantiomerically pure isomer. An “enantiomerically pure isomer” has atleast 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or atleast 99% pure R- or S-isomer or when using the D/L nomenclature, D- orL-isomer. A racemic compound is a compound having a mixture in equalamounts of both enantiomers.

In another aspect of the invention, the prostacyclin compound describedherein is provided in a composition, for example, for delivery to apatient for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Compositionscan include the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of thecompound, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the PH ispulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Prostacyclin compositions (socalled “lipid nanoparticle compositions”) and formulations comprising aprostacyclin, a cationic compound, and a surfactant have been describedin PCT publication no. WO 2014/085813, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Thecompositions described in WO 2014/085813 are amenable for use with theprostacyclin derivative compounds provided herein.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises one of the prostacyclincompounds described herein, i.e., a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″),(II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), and an amphiphilic agent.When formulated together, in one embodiment, the prostacyclin compoundand amphiphilic agent form micro- or nanoparticles. In one embodiment,the amphiphilic agent is a PEGylated lipid, a surfactant or a blockcopolymer. In another embodiment, the prostacyclin composition providedherein comprises two or more of the prostacyclin compounds describedherein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′),(Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) (IId), or (III), including deuterated compounds) and anamphiphilic agent (e.g., PEGylated lipid, a lipid, a surfactant or ablock copolymer). In one embodiment, the prostacyclin compositioncomprising the prostacyclin compound component and amphiphilic agent,when formulated together, comprise a plurality of nanoparticles. In afurther embodiment, the mean diameter of the plurality of nanoparticlesis from about 20 nm to about 700 nm, for example about 50 nm to about500 nm, about 100 nm to about 600 nm or about 100 nm to about 500 nm.When the amphiphilic agent comprises a lipid, e.g., a PEGylated lipidsuch as Cholesterol-PEG or distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-PEG(DSPE-PEG), the composition is described as comprising lipidnanoparticles.

In a further embodiment, the prostacyclin composition comprises aprostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′),(Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) (IId), or (III), and a PEGylated lipid as the amphilphilic agent.In a further embodiment, the PEGylated lipid comprises PEG400-PEG5000.For example, in one embodiment, the PEGylated lipid comprises PEG400,PEG500, PEG1000, PEG2000, PEG3000, PEG4000, or PEG5000. In a furtherembodiment the lipid component of the PEGylated lipid comprisescholesterol, dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), dipalmitoylphosphoethanolamine (DPPE), distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE),dimyristoylglycerol glycerol (DMG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) ordisteraroylglycerol (DSG). In even a further embodiment, the PEGylatedlipid is cholesterol-PEG2000 or DSPE-PEG2000.

Depending on its molecular weight (MW), PEG is also referred to in theart as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE). The PEGylatedlipid can include a branched or unbranched PEG molecule, and is notlimited by a particular PEG MW.

For example, the PEGylated lipid, in one embodiment, comprises a PEGmolecule having a molecular weight of 300 g/mol, 400 g/mol, 500 g/mol,1000 g/mol, 1500 g/mol, 2000 g/mol, 2500 g/mol, 3000 g/mol, 3500 g/mol,4000 g/mol, 4500 g/mol, 5000 g/mol or 10,000 g/mol. In one embodiment,the PEG has a MW of 1000 g/mol or 2000 g/mol.

The lipid component of the PEGylated lipid, can have a net-charge (e.g.,cationic or anionic), or can be net-neutral. The lipids used in thePEGylated lipid component of the present invention can be synthetic,semi-synthetic or naturally-occurring lipid, including a phospholipid, asphingolipid, a glycolipid, a ceramide, a tocopherol, a sterol, a fattyacid, or a glycoprotein such as albumin. In one embodiment, the lipid isa sterol. In a further embodiment, the sterol is cholesterol. In anotherembodiment, the lipid is a phospholipid. Phospholipids include, but arenot limited to phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG),phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS),phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidic acid (PA). In oneembodiment, the phospholipid is an egg phospholipid, a soya phospholipidor a hydrogenated egg and soya phospholipid. In one embodiment, thePEGylated lipid comprises a phospholipid. In a further embodiment, thephospholipid comprises ester linkages of fatty acids in the 2 and 3 ofglycerol positions containing chains of 12 to 26 carbon atoms anddifferent head groups in the 1 position of glycerol that includecholine, glycerol, inositol, serine, ethanolamine, as well as thecorresponding phosphatidic acids. The chains on these fatty acids can besaturated or unsaturated, and the phospholipid can be made up of fattyacids of different chain lengths and different degrees of unsaturation.In particular, in one embodiment, the PEGylated lipid of theprostacyclin composition provided herein comprisesdistearoylphosphoethanolamine (DSPE), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), dipalmitoylphosphoethanolamine (DPPE),distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), dimyristoylglycerol (DMG),diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) or disteraroylglycerol (DSG).

Other examples of lipids for use in the compositions comprisingPEGylated lipids disclosed herein include dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine(DMPC), dimyristoyiphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG),dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), distearoylphosphatidylcholine(DSPC), distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG)dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), and mixed phospholipids such aspalmitoylstearoylphosphatidylcholine (PSPC) andpalmitoylstearoylphosphatidylglycerol (PSPG), triacylglycerol,diacylglycerol, ceramide, sphingosine, sphingomyelin and single acylatedphospholipids such as mono-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (MOPE). Inanother embodiment lipid portion of the PEGylated lipid comprises anammonium salt of a fatty acid, a phospholipid, a glyceride, aphospholipid and glyceride, a sterol (e.g., cholesterol),phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidic acid (PA), a phosphotidylcholine(PC), a phosphatidylinositol (PI), a phosphatidylserine (PS), or acombination thereof. The fatty acid, in one embodiment, comprises fattyacids of carbon chain lengths of 12 to 26 carbon atoms that are eithersaturated or unsaturated. Some specific examples include: myristylamine,palmitylamine, laurylamine and stearylamine, dilauroylethylphosphocholine (DLEP), dimyristoyl ethylphosphocholine (DMEP),dipalmitoyl ethylphosphocholine (DPEP) and distearoylethylphosphocholine (DSEP),N-(2,3-di-(9(Z)-octadecenyloxy)-prop-1-yl-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumchloride (DOTMA) and 1,2-bis(oleoyloxy)-3-(trimethylammonio)propane(DOTAP). Examples of sterols for use in the compositions provided hereininclude cholesterol and ergosterol. Examples of PGs, PAs, PIs, PCs andPS s for use in the compositions provided herein include DMPG, DPPG,DSPG, DMPA, DPPA, DSPA, DMPI, DPPI, DSPI, DMPS, DPPS and DSPS, DSPC,DPPG, DMPC, DOPC, egg PC and soya PC.

In one embodiment, the PEGylated lipid is cholesterol-PEG2000,DSPE-PEG1000 or DS G-PEG2000.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin composition provided hereincomprises a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic),(Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II),(IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), and a hydrophobic additive. In afurther embodiment, the composition comprises an amphiphilic agent,e.g., a PEGylated lipid, as described above.

In yet another embodiment, two or more of the prostacyclin compoundsdescribed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic),(Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II),(IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III)) an amphiphilic agent (e.g.,PEGylated lipid, a lipid, a surfactant or a block copolymer) and ahydrophobic additive are provided in a composition.

In one embodiment, the prostacyclin composition comprises a prostacyclincompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (III′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III) and a PEGylated lipid. In another embodiment, the prostacyclincomposition comprises a prostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia),(Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III) and a surfactant. Inyet another embodiment, the prostacyclin composition comprises aprostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′),(Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) (IId), or (III), a hydrophobic additive and an amphiphilic agent.In a further embodiment, the amphiphilic agent is a surfactant, aPEGylated lipid or a block copolymer. In even a further embodiment, theamphiphilic agent is a PEGylated lipid.

In one embodiment, the prostacyclin compound is present in thecomposition at 5 mol %-99 mol %. In a further embodiment, theprostacyclin compound is present in the composition at 40 mol %-95 mol%. In a further embodiment, the prostacyclin compound is present in thecomposition at 40 mol %-60 mol %. In one embodiment, the prostacyclincompound is present in the composition at about 40 mol % or about 45 mol%.

The amphiphilic agent, e.g., a PEGylated lipid, when present in thecomposition, in one embodiment, is present at 10 mol %-30 mol %, forexample, 10 mol %-20 mol % or 15 mol % 25 mol %. In even a furtherembodiment, the PEGylated lipid is present in the composition at about10 mol % or 20 mol %.

The hydrophobic additive, when present in the composition, in oneembodiment, is present in the composition at 25 mol %-50 mol %, forexample, 30 mol %-50 mol %, 35 mol % 45 mol %. In even a furtherembodiment, the hydrophobic additive is present in the composition atabout 40 mol % or about 45 mol %.

The prostacyclin composition, in one embodiment, comprises a compound ofFormula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″),(Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, anamphilphilic agent and a hydrophobic additive. In one embodiment, thehydrophobic additive (e.g., an additive that is at least partiallyhydrophobic) is a hydrocarbon, a terpene compound or a hydrophobic lipid(e.g., tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, sterol, sterol ester, alkylester, vitamin A acetate, a triglyceride, a phospholipid). In oneembodiment, the composition comprises a prostacyclin compound, forexample, a compound of Formula (I) or (II), an amphiphilic agent, and ahydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon can be aromatic, an alkane, alkene,cycloalkane or an alkyne. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbon is analkane (i.e., a saturated hydrocarbon). In another embodiment, thehydrocarbon is a C₁₅-C₅₀ hydrocarbon. In a further embodiment, thehydrocarbon is a C₁₅, C₂₀, C₂₅, C₃₀, C₃₅, C₄₀, C₄₅ or C₅₀ hydrocarbon.In yet another embodiment, the hydrophobic additive is a C₁₅-C₂₅hydrocarbon, C₁₅-C₃₅ hydrocarbon, C₁₅-C₄₅ hydrocarbon, C₁₅-C₂₀hydrocarbon, C₂₀-C₂₅ hydrocarbon, C₂₅-C₃₀ hydrocarbon, C₃₀-C₃₅hydrocarbon, C₃₅-C₄₀ hydrocarbon, C₄₀-C₄₅ hydrocarbon or a C₄₅-C₅₀hydrocarbon.

In one embodiment, a composition comprising a prostacyclin compound, anamphiphilic agent and a terpene compound (e.g., the hydrophobicadditive) is provided. The composition, in a further embodiment,comprises a PEGylated lipid as the amphiphilic agent. However, as notedabove, block copolymers as well as surfactants can be used as theamphiphilic component of the composition. The terpene compound(hydrophobic additive), in one embodiment, is a hydrocarbon (e.g.,isoprene, squalaneor squalene). In another embodiment, the terpenecompound is a hemiterpene (C₅H₈), monoterpene (C₁₀H₁₆), sesquiterpene(C₁₅H₂₄), diterpene (C₂₀H₃₂) (e.g., cafestol, kahweol, cembrene,taxadiene), sesterterpene (C₂₅H₄₀), triterpene (C₃₀H₄₈), sesquaterpene(C₃₅H₅₆), tetraterpene (C₄₀H₆₄), polyterpene (e.g., a polyisoprene withtrans double bonds) or a norisoprenoid (e.g., 3-oxo-α-ionol,7,8-dihydroionone derivatives). The terpene compound, in anotherembodiment, is selected from one of the compounds provided in Table 1,below. In one embodiment, the hydrophobic additive is squalane.

TABLE 1 Terpene hydrophobic additives amenable for use in thecompositions of the present invention. Name Formula Isoprene

Limonene

humulene

farnasene

squalene

squalane

As provided above, the composition provided herein, in one embodiment,comprises a prostacyclin compound and one or more PEGylated lipids. In afurther embodiment, the composition comprises a hydrophobic additive, asdescribed above. In one embodiment, the composition provided hereincomprises a prostacyclin compound of one of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″),(II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), a hydrophobic additive and aPEGylated lipid. In a further embodiment, the hydrophobic additivecomprises a hydrocarbon e.g, a terpene compound.

In one embodiment, the treprostinil derivative composition providedherein includes the components provided in Table C, below.

TABLE C Representative Treprostinil Compositions. CompositionHydrophobic Amphiphilic Additional # Treprostinil compound additiveagent lipid 1 Formula (II) where R₁ is O, Terpene PEGylated lipid n/a R₂is linear C₆-C₁₆ 2 Formula (II) where R₁ is O, Terpene PEGylated lipidDOPC R₂ is linear C₆-C₁₆ 3 Formula (II) where R₁ is O, SqualaneChol-PEG2k n/a R₂ is linear C₆-C₁₆ 4 Formula (II) where R₁ is O,Squalane DSPE-PEG2k n/a R₂ is linear C₆-C₁₆ 5 Formula (II) where R₁ isO, Terpene PEGylated lipid n/a R₂ is linear C₁₀-C₁₆ 6 Formula (II) whereR₁ is O, Terpene PEGylated lipid DOPC R₂ is linear C₁₀-C₁₆ 7 Formula(II) where R₁ is O, Squalane Chol-PEG2k n/a R₂ is linear C₁₀-C₁₆ 8Formula (II) where R₁ is O, Squalane DSPE-PEG2k n/a R₂ is linear C₁₀-C₁₆9 Formula (II) where R₁ is O, Terpene PEGylated lipid n/a R₂ is linearC₁₂-C₁₆ 10 Formula (II) where R₁ is O, Terpene PEGylated lipid DOPC R₂is linear C₁₂-C₁₆ 11 Formula (II) where R₁ is O, Squalane Chol-PEG2k n/aR₂ is linear C₁₂-C₁₆ 12 Formula (II) where R₁ is O, Squalane DSPE-PEG2kn/a R₂ is linear C₁₂-C₁₆ 13 Formula (II) where R₁ is O, TerpenePEGylated lipid n/a R₂ is branched C₆-C₁₆ 14 Formula (II) where R₁ is O,Terpene PEGylated lipid DOPC R₂ is branched C₆-C₁₆ 15 Formula (II) whereR₁ is O, Squalane Chol-PEG2k n/a R₂ is branched C₆-C₁₆ 16 Formula (II)where R₁ is O, Squalane DSPE-PEG2k n/a R₂ is branched C₆-C₁₆ 17 Formula(II) where R₁ is N, Terpene PEGylated lipid n/a R₂ is linear C₆-C₁₆ 18Formula (II) where R₁ is N, Terpene PEGylated lipid DOPC R₂ is linearC₆-C₁₆ 19 Formula (II) where R₁ is N, Squalane Chol-PEG2k n/a R₂ islinear C₆-C₁₆ 20 Formula (II) where R₁ is N, Squalane DSPE-PEG2k n/a R₂is linear C₆-C₁₆ 21 Formula (II) where R₁ is N, Terpene PEGylated lipidn/a R₂ is linear C₆-C₁₀ 22 Formula (II) where R₁ is N, Terpene PEGylatedlipid DOPC R₂ is linear C₆-C₁₀ 23 Formula (II) where R₁ is N, SqualanChol-PEG2k n/a R₂ is linear C₆-C₁₀ 24 Formula (II) where R₁ is N,Squalane DSPE-PEG2k n/a R₂ is linear C₆-C₁₀

The present invention also provides methods for treating a patient inneed thereof, with one of the prostacyclin compounds or compositionsdescribed herein. It is understood that reference to a prostacyclincompound in a treatment method includes the use of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of the compound. Similarly, administration of aprostacyclin composition comprising a prostacyclin compound includes theuse of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in the composition.

In one aspect, a method for treating pulmonary hypertension (PH) isprovided. The method comprises, in one embodiment, administration of acompound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or compositionprovided herein to a patient in need thereof. Administration, in oneembodiment, is pulmonary administration and can be, for example, with ametered dose inhaler (MDI), dry powder inhaled (DPI), or a nebulizer.The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified PH into five groups.WHO Group I PH includes pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH),idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), familial pulmonaryarterial hypertension (FPAH), and pulmonary arterial hypertensionassociated with other diseases (APAH). For example, pulmonary arterialhypertension associated with collagen vascular disease (e.g.,scleroderma), congenital shunts between the systemic and pulmonarycirculation, portal hypertension and/or HIV infection are included ingroup I PH. The methods provided herein, in one embodiment, are providedto treat a WHO Group I PH patient in need thereof, for example a PAHpatient, an IPAH patient, a FPAH patient or an APAH patient. WHO GroupII PH includes pulmonary hypertension associated with left heartdisease, e.g., atrial or ventricular disease, or valvular disease (e.g.,mitral stenosis). The methods provided herein, in one embodiment, areprovided to treat a WHO Group II patient in need thereof. WHO group IIIpulmonary hypertension is characterized as pulmonary hypertensionassociated with lung diseases, e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (ILD), and/or hypoxemia. Themethods provided herein, in one embodiment, are provided to treat a WHOGroup III patient in need thereof. WHO Group IV pulmonary hypertensionis pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thrombotic and/or embolicdisease. Group IV PH is also referred to as chronic thromboembolicpulmonary hypertension. Group IV PH patients experience blocked ornarrowed blood vessels due to blood clots. The methods provided herein,in one embodiment, are provided to treat a WHO Group IV patient in needthereof. WHO categorizes Group V PH as the “miscellaneous” category, andincludes PH caused by blood disorders (e.g., polycythemia vera,essential thrombocythemia), systemic disorders (e.g., sarcoidosis,vasculitis) and/or metabolic disorders (e.g., thyroid disease, glycogenstorage disease). The methods provided herein, in one embodiment, areprovided to treat a WHO Group V patient in need thereof.

The methods provided herein can be used to treat a WHO Group I (i.e.,pulmonary arterial hypertension or PAH), Group II, Group III, Group IVor Group V PH patient. In one embodiment of the method for treating PH,a method of treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is provided.In another embodiment, a method for treating chronic thromboembolicpulmonary hypertension patient is provided. In one embodiment, themethod for treating PH (e.g., PAH) comprises administering an effectiveamount of one of the compounds described herein via a pulmonary(inhalation, e.g., via an MDI or nebulizer or dry powder inhaler), asubcutaneous, oral, nasal or an intravenous route of administration, toa patient in need thereof. In one embodiment, administration is viainhalation via an MDI or nebulizer. In one embodiment, where compounddelivery is via a nebulizer, the compound is provided to the patient asa composition, for example, as a lipid nanoparticle composition, asdescribed above.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for treating portopulmonaryhypertension (PPH) is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprisesadministering an effective amount of one of the compounds describedherein (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), via a pulmonary(inhalation), a subcutaneous, oral, nasal or an intravenous route ofadministration, to a patient in need thereof. In one embodiment,administration is via inhalation via an MDI or nebulizer. In oneembodiment, where compound delivery is via a nebulizer, the compound isprovided to the patient as a composition, for example, as a lipidnanoparticle composition, as described above.

Methods for administering treprostinil and analogs thereof for treatmentof pulmonary hypertension have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,153,222; 6,521,212; 7,544,713 and U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. 2010/0076083, the disclosure of each are incorporated by referencein their entireties for all purposes.

The method for treating a patient for PH (e.g., PAH) or PPH comprises,in one embodiment, administering to a patient in need thereof, one ofthe prostacyclin compounds or compositions provided herein, for example,a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a compositioncomprising a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′),(Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) (IId), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Inone embodiment, the method for treating PH (e.g., PAH) or PPH comprisesadministering to a patient in need thereof, one of the prostacyclincompounds or compositions provided herein, for example, a compound ofFormula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″),(Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or acomposition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic),(Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II),(IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a composition comprising adeuterated compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′),(Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) (IId), or (III). Routes of administration to the patient includepulmonary (inhalation), subcutaneous, oral, nasal and intravenous. Inone embodiment, administration of a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib),(Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″),(II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is via inhalation via an MDI or nebulizer. Inone embodiment, where compound delivery is via a nebulizer, the compoundis provided to the patient as a composition, for example, as a lipidnanoparticle composition, as described above.

In one embodiment, the method for treating PH, PAH or PPH comprisesadministering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of theprostacyclin compound or prostacyclin composition described herein. In afurther embodiment, the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltof the compound, is administered to the patient via a pulmonary(inhalation), a subcutaneous, oral, nasal or an intravenous route ofadministration. In a further embodiment, administration is viainhalation and the prostacyclin compound or composition is administeredwith a nebulizer, dry powder inhaler, or MDI. In even a furtherembodiment the prostacyclin composition or composition comprises aprostacyclin compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′),(Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) (IId), or (III), or a deuterated version thereof or apharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound.

In one embodiment, administration of an effective amount of aprostacyclin compound or composition of the present invention for thetreatment of PH, PAH or PPH via inhalation, oral, nasal, subcutaneous orintravenous administration results in a decreased number of sideeffects, or a reduced severity of one or more side effects (alsoreferred to herein as “adverse events”), compared to the administrationof an effective amount of treprostinil, when an effective amount oftreprostinil is administered via inhalation, oral, nasal, subcutaneous,or intravenous administration. For example, in one embodiment, a PH, PAHor PPH patient experiences a reduced severity and/or frequency in coughor a reduced cough response when administered a prostacylin compound orcomposition of the invention via inhalation (e.g., nebulization, drypowder inhaler, or via a metered dose inhaler), compared to the severityand/or frequency of cough or cough response elicited by inhalationadministration of treprostinil to the patient.

In another embodiment, oral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous orinhalation administration of an effective amount of the prostacyclincompound or composition of the invention, compared to oral, nasal,subcutaneous, intravenous or inhalation administration of treprostinil,results in a reduced severity of one or more of the following adverseevents, or a decreased occurrence of one or more of the followingadverse events: headache, throat irritation/pharyngolaryngeal pain,nausea, flushing and/or syncope.

In another embodiment, oral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous orinhalation administration of an effective amount of the prostacyclincompound or composition of the invention, for the treatment of PH, PAHor PPH, compared to oral, nasal, subcutaneous, intravenous or inhalationadministration of treprostinil, results in a reduced severity of asystemic adverse events, or a decreased occurrence of a systemic adverseevent.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the improvedadverse event profile of the prostacylin compounds and compositions ofthe invention exhibited patients, as compared to treprostinil, resultsin improved compliance of the patients.

In one embodiment, the prostacyclin compounds and compositions of thepresent invention are administered on a less frequent basis, as comparedto currently approved therapies for PH, PAH (e.g., Tyvaso®, Remodulin®)or PPH, while still achieving a substantially equivalent or bettertherapeutic response. Routes of administration to the patient includepulmonary (inhalation), subcutaneous, oral, nasal and intravenous. Thetherapeutic response of the patient, in one embodiment, is a reductionin the pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) from pretreatmentvalue, a reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure from pretreatmentvalue, an increase in the hypoxemia score from pretreatment value, adecrease in the oxygenation index from pretreatment values, improvedright heart function, as compared to pretreatment or improved exercisecapacity (e.g., as measured by the six-minute walk test) compared topretreatment. The therapeutic response, in one embodiment, is animprovement of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% orat least 50%, as compared to pretreatment values. In another embodiment,the therapeutic response is an improvement of about 10% to about 70%,about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%,about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 70%,about 20% to about 60% or about 10% to about 50%, as compared topretreatment levels.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the less frequent administrationof the compounds and compositions of the invention allows for improvedpatient compliance, as compared to the compliance of patients beingadministered a different PH, PAH or PPH treatment (e.g., treprostinilTyvaso®, Remodulin®).

In one embodiment, a composition or compound of the present invention isadministered via a metered dose inhaler (MDI) to a patient in need ofPH, PAH or PPH treatment. The composition or compound, in oneembodiment, is delivered via a MDI by the use of a propellant, forexample, a chloro-fluorocarbon (CFC) or a fluorocarbon. In oneembodiment, where delivery is via an MDI, the compound is not formulatedas a lipid nanoparticle composition, and instead, is suspended ordissolved directly in a propellant solution. The patient, in oneembodiment, is administered the prostacyclin compound or composition ofthe invention once daily, twice daily or three times daily. In oneembodiment, the administration is with food. In one embodiment, eachadministration comprises 1 to 5 doses (puffs) from an MDI, for example 1dose (1 puff), 2 dose (2 puffs), 3 doses (3 puffs), 4 doses (4 puffs) or5 doses (5 puffs). The MDI, in one embodiment, is small andtransportable by the patient.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound or prostacyclincomposition is administered via a nebulizer to a patient in need of PH,PAH or PPH treatment. The administration occurs in one embodiment, oncedaily, twice daily, three times daily or once every other day.

In one embodiment, a composition or compound of the present invention isadministered via a dry powder inhaler (DPI) to a patient in need of PH,PAH or PPH treatment. The patient, in one embodiment, is administeredthe prostacyclin compound or composition of the invention once daily,twice daily or three times daily. In one embodiment, the administrationis with food. In one embodiment, each administration comprises 1 to 5doses (puffs) from a DPI, for example 1 dose (1 puff), 2 dose (2 puffs),3 doses (3 puffs), 4 doses (4 puffs) or 5 doses (5 puffs). The DPI, inone embodiment, is small and transportable by the patient.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need thereof via a pulmonary route by the PH, PAH or PAHtreatment methods described herein provides a greater pulmonaryelimination half-life (t_(1/2)) of the prostacyclin compound or itstreprostinil metabolite, compared to the pulmonary elimination half-life(t_(1/2)) of treprostinil, when treprostinil is administered via apulmonary route (e.g., by nebulization, dry powder inhaler, or a metereddose inhaler) to the patient in need of PH, PAH or PPH treatment.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need thereof, via the PH, PAH or PPH treatment methodsdescribed herein provides a greater systemic half-life (t_(1/2)) of theprostacyclin compound or its treprostinil metabolite, compared to thesystemic elimination half-life (t_(1/2)) of treprostinil, whentreprostinil is administered to the patient. In a further embodiment,administration of the prostacyclin compound and treprostinil comprisesoral, nasal, subcutaneous or intravenous administration.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need of PH, PAH or PPH treatment provides a greater meanpulmonary C_(max) and/or lower plasma C_(max), of treprostinil for thepatient, compared to the respective pulmonary or plasma C_(max) oftreprostinil, when treprostinil is administered to the patient. In afurther embodiment, administration of the prostacyclin compound andtreprostinil comprises intravenous administration.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need of PH, PAH or PPH treatment provides a greater meanpulmonary or plasma area under the curve (AUC_(0-t)) of the prostacyclincompound or its treprostinil metabolite, compared to the mean pulmonaryor plasma area under the curve (AUC_(0-t)) of treprostinil, whentreprostinil is administered to the patient. In yet another embodiment,the prostacyclin compound administered to a patient in need thereofprovides a greater pulmonary or plasma time to peak concentration(t_(max)) of treprostinil, compared to the pulmonary or plasma time topeak concentration (t_(max)) of treprostinil, when treprostinil isadministered to the patient.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of treating a disease,disorder or condition other than PH, PAH or PPH is provided. U.S. Pat.No. 5,153,222, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety,describes use of treprostinil for treatment of pulmonary hypertension.Treprostinil is approved for the intravenous as well as subcutaneousroute, the latter avoiding potential septic events associated withcontinuous intravenous catheters. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,521,212 and6,756,033, each incorporated by reference herein in their entireties,describe administration of treprostinil by inhalation for treatment ofpulmonary hypertension, peripheral vascular disease and other diseasesand conditions. U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,386, incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety, discloses administration of treprostinil fortreating cancer such lung, liver, brain, pancreatic, kidney, prostate,breast, colon and head-neck cancer. U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. 2005/0165111, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety,discloses treprostinil treatment of ischemic lesions. U.S. Pat. No.7,199,157, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, disclosesthat treprostinil treatment improves kidney functions. U.S. Pat. No.7,879,909, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, disclosestreprostinil treatment of neuropathic foot ulcers. U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2008/0280986, incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety, discloses treprostinil treatment of pulmonaryfibrosis, interstitial lung disease with treprostinil and asthma. U.S.Pat. No. 6,054,486, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety,discloses treatment of peripheral vascular disease with treprostinil.U.S. patent application publication no. 2009/0036465, incorporated byreference herein in its entirety, discloses combination therapiescomprising treprostinil. U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2008/0200449 discloses delivery of treprostinil using a metered doseinhaler. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,417,070, 7,384,978 and 7,544,713 as well asU.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2007/0078095, 2005/0282901, and2008/0249167, each incorporated by reference herein in their entireties,describe oral formulations of treprostinil and other prostacyclinanalogs as well as their use for treatment of a variety of conditions.U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0004307, incorporated byreference herein, discloses the use of orally administered treprostinilfor treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon, systemic sclerosis and digitalischemic lesions. Each of the indications recited above can be treatedwith the compounds and compositions provided herein. Routes ofadministration to a patient in need of treatment include pulmonary(inhalation), subcutaneous, oral, nasal and intravenous.

Additionally, the following references are incorporated by reference intheir entireties for all purposes for practicing the embodiments of thepresent invention: J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 1890-1902, Drug of theFuture, 2001, 26(4), 364-374, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,153,222, 6,054,486,6,521,212, 6,756,033, 6,803,386, and 7,199,157, U.S. Patent applicationPublication Nos. 2005/0165111, 2005/0282903, 2008/0200449, 2008/0280986,2009/0036465 and 2012/0010159.

In one embodiment, a method is provided for treating a patient in needthereof for congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease,asthma, severe intermittent claudication, immunosuppression,proliferative diseases, e.g., cancer such as lung, liver, brain,pancreatic, kidney, prostate, breast, colon and head-neck cancer,ischemic lesions, neuropathic foot ulcers, and pulmonary fibrosis,kidney function and/or interstitial lung disease. In one embodiment, themethod comprises administering an effective amount of one of theprostacyclin compounds or compositions provided herein, for example, acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a deuterated version thereof, or a composition comprising acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a composition comprising a deuterated compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III) to the patient.Administration, in one embodiment, is via inhalation (e.g., with anebulizer or metered dose inhaler), subcutaneous, oral, nasal orintravenous. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation maycomprise one or more active ingredients in addition to treprostinilmonohydrate.

In one embodiment, a method is provided for treating and/or preventinginterstitial lung disease (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis) or asthma, or acondition associated with interstitial lung disease or asthma in apatient in need of such treatment. In a further embodiment, the methodcomprises administering to the patient an effective amount of one of theprostacyclin compounds or compositions provided herein, for example, acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a deuterated version thereof, or a composition comprising acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a composition comprising a deuterated compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III). The composition orcompound, in one embodiment, is delivered via a MDI by the use of apropellant, for example, a chloro-fluorocarbon (CFC) or a fluorocarbon.The patient, in one embodiment, is administered the prostacyclincompound or composition of the invention once daily, twice daily orthree times daily.

In one embodiment, the administration is with food. In one embodiment,each administration comprises 1 to 5 doses (puffs) from an MDI, forexample 1 dose (1 puff), 2 dose (2 puffs), 3 doses (3 puffs), 4 doses (4puffs) or 5 doses (5 puffs). The MDI, in one embodiment, is small andtransportable by the patient. In another embodiment, administration isoral, nasal, subcutaneous or intravenous. In another embodiment, oral,nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous or inhalation administration of theeffective amount of the prostacyclin compound or composition of theinvention, for the treatment of interstitial lung disease (e.g.,pulmonary fibrosis) or asthma, or a condition associated withinterstitial lung disease or asthma, compared to oral, nasal,subcutaneous, intravenous or inhalation administration of treprostinil,results in a reduced severity of a systemic adverse events, or adecreased occurrence of a systemic adverse event.

In one embodiment, a method for treating an ischemic disease orcondition, such as scleroderma, including systemic sclerosis, orRaynaud's Phenomenon in a patient in need of such treatment is provided.In a further embodiment, the method comprises administering an effectiveamount of one of the prostacyclin compounds or compositions providedherein, for example, a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id),(Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa),(IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a deuterated version thereof, or acomposition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic),(Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II),(IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a composition comprising adeuterated compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′),(Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc) (IId), or (III), to the patient. Administration, in oneembodiment, is via inhalation (e.g., with a nebulizer or metered doseinhaler), oral, nasal subcutaneous or intravenous administration. Inanother embodiment, oral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous or inhalationadministration of an effective amount of the prostacyclin compound orcomposition of the invention, for the treatment of ischemic disease orcondition, such as scleroderma, including systemic sclerosis, orRaynaud's Phenomenon, compared to oral, nasal, subcutaneous, intravenousor inhalation administration of treprostinil, results in a reducedseverity of a systemic adverse events, or a decreased occurrence of asystemic adverse event.

The prostacyclin compounds or compositions provided herein, for example,a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a deuterated version thereof, or a composition comprising acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a composition comprising a deuterated compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), in one embodiment, areused for treating a patient for a digital ischemic lesion, such as adigital ulcer or a necrotic lesion, or for ameliorating a symptom orfunctional deficit and/or reducing the number of symptoms and/orfunctional deficit(s) associated with a digital ischemic lesion. Theterm “digital ischemic lesion” refers to a lesion on a digit, i.e., atoe or a finger, of a subject, such as a human being. In one embodiment,the digital ischemic lesion may be caused by or associated with anischemic disease or condition, such as scleroderma, including systemicsclerosis, or Raynaud's Phenomenon. The symptom that may be amelioratedand/or reduced may be, for example, a pain associated with a digitalischemic ulcer and/or scleroderma. In some embodiments, administering aprostacyclin compound or composition provided herein, uponadministration to a patient in need of treatment, provides ameliorationor reduction of one or more functional deficits associated with adigital ischemic lesion. For example, in one embodiment, theprostacyclin compound or composition provided herein ameliorates orreduces a hand function deficit, i.e., provides an improvement in thehand function of the treated patient. Administration, in one embodiment,is via inhalation (e.g., with a nebulizer or metered dose inhaler),oral, nasal, subcutaneous or intravenous administration. In anotherembodiment, oral, nasal intravenous, subcutaneous or inhalationadministration of an effective amount of the prostacyclin compound orcomposition of the invention, for the treatment of digital ischemiclesions, compared to oral, nasal, subcutaneous, intravenous orinhalation administration of treprostinil, results in a reduced severityof a systemic adverse events, or a decreased occurrence of a systemicadverse event.

In one embodiment, a method for improving kidney function or treatingsymptoms associated with kidney malfunction or failure in a patient inneed thereof is provided. In a further embodiment, the method comprisesadministering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of aprostacyclin compound or composition provided herein, for example, acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a deuterated version thereof, or a composition comprising acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a composition comprising a deuterated compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), to the patient.Specific symptoms associated with reduced kidney functions include, forexample, abnormally low urination, increased blood levels of creatinineand urea nitrogen, protein leakage in urine and/or pain. Administration,in one embodiment, is via inhalation (e.g., with a nebulizer or metereddose inhaler), oral, nasal, subcutaneous or intravenous administration.In another embodiment, oral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous orinhalation administration of an effective amount of the prostacyclincompound or composition of the invention, for improvement of kidneyfunctions or amelioration of symptoms associated with kidney malfunctionor failure, compared to oral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous orinhalation administration of treprostinil, results in a reduced severityof a systemic adverse events, or a decreased occurrence of a systemicadverse event.

In one embodiment, a method of treating a cardiovascular diseaseincluding congestive heart failure comprises is provided. The method, inone embodiment, comprises administering to a patient in need thereof, aprostacyclin compound or composition provided herein, for example, acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a deuterated version thereof, or a composition comprising acompound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′),(Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or(III), or a composition comprising a deuterated compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III). Administration, in oneembodiment, is via inhalation (e.g., with a nebulizer or metered doseinhaler), subcutaneous, oral, nasal or intravenous administration.

In one embodiment, a method for treating a peripheral vascular disease,including peripheral arterial occlusive disease and intermittentclaudication is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprisesadministering to a patient in need thereof a prostacyclin compound orcomposition provided herein, for example, a compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a deuteratedversion thereof, or a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a compositioncomprising a deuterated compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id),(Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa),(IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III). In addition to the prostacyclin compoundsand compositions provided herein, other pharmacologically activesubstances may be present in the formulations of the present inventionwhich are known to be useful for treating peripheral vascular disease.For example, the compounds of the invention may be present incombination with trental, a substance known to increase red blood celldeformability. Administration, in one embodiment, is via inhalation(e.g., with a nebulizer or metered dose inhaler), subcutaneous, oral,nasal or intravenous administration.

In one embodiment, a method for treating and/or preventing neuropathicdiabetic foot ulcer is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprisesadministering to a patient in need thereof, a prostacyclin compound orcomposition provided herein, for example, a compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a deuteratedversion thereof, or a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I),(Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″),(Id″), (II), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a compositioncomprising a deuterated compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id),(Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa),(IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III). Administration, in one embodiment, is viainhalation (e.g., with a nebulizer or metered dose inhaler),subcutaneous, oral, nasal or intravenous administration. In addition tothe prostacyclin compounds and compositions provided herein, otherpharmacologically active substances may be present in the formulationsof the present invention which are known to be useful for treatingand/or preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Forexample, the compounds of the invention may be present in combinationwith analgesics to treat pain, dressing changes, vasodilatormedications, and topical or oral antibiotics.

In one embodiment, administration of an effective amount of aprostacyclin compound or composition of the present invention for thetreatment of the various diseases and indications described throughout,by inhalation, subcutaneous, oral, nasal or intravenous administration,results in a decreased number of side effects, or a reduced severity ofone or more side effects (also referred to herein as “adverse events”),compared to the administration of an effective amount of treprostinil,when an effective amount of treprostinil is administered by inhalation,subcutaneous, oral, nasal or intravenous administration. For example, inone embodiment, a patient treated by the methods provided hereinexperiences a reduced severity and/or frequency in cough or a reducedcough response when administered a prostacylin compound or compositionof the invention via inhalation (e.g., nebulization, dry powder inhaler,or via a metered dose inhaler), compared to the severity and/orfrequency of cough or cough response elicited by inhalationadministration of treprostinil to the patient.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need of treatment provides a greater mean pulmonary Cmaxand/or lower plasma C_(max) of treprostinil for the patient, compared tothe respective pulmonary or plasma C_(max) of treprostinil, whentreprostinil is administered to the patient. In a further embodiment,administration of the prostacyclin compound and treprostinil comprisesintravenous administration.

In another embodiment, the prostacyclin compound administered to apatient in need of treatment provides a greater mean pulmonary or plasmaarea under the curve (AUC_(0-t)) of the prostacyclin compound or itstreprostinil metabolite, compared to the mean pulmonary or plasma areaunder the curve (AUC_(0-t)) of treprostinil, when treprostinil isadministered to the patient. In yet another embodiment, the prostacyclincompound administered to a patient in need thereof provides a greaterpulmonary or plasma time to peak concentration (t_(max)) oftreprostinil, compared to the pulmonary or plasma time to peakconcentration (t_(max)) of treprostinil, when treprostinil isadministered to the patient.

In one embodiment, a prostacyclin compound or composition providedherein, for example, a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id),(Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II), (IIa),(IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a deuterated version thereof, or acomposition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic),(Id), (Ia′), (Ib′), (Ic′), (Id′), (Ia″), (Ib″), (Ic″), (Id″), (II),(IIa), (IIb), (IIc) (IId), or (III), or a deuterated version thereof, isadministered in combination with one or more additional active agents.In some embodiments, such one or more additional active agents can bealso administered together with a prostacyclin compound or compositionprovided herein using a metered dose inhaler. In one embodiment, suchone or more additional active agents can be administered separately,i.e., prior to, or subsequent to, the prostacyclin compound orcomposition provided herein. Particular additional active agents thatcan be administered in combination with treprostinil may depend on aparticular disease or condition for treatment or prevention of whichtreprostinil is administered. In some cases, the additional active agentcan be a cardiovascular agent such as a cox-2 inhibitor, a rho kinaseinhibitor, a calcium channel blocker, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, anendothelial antagonist, or an antiplatelet agent.

As provided above, the prostacyclin compounds and compositions of thepresent invention can be delivered to a patient in need thereof via anoral, nasal, pulmonary, intravenous or subcutaneous route. With respectto the pulmonary route, the prostacyclin compounds and compositions) ofthe present invention may be used in any dosage dispensing deviceadapted for such administration. The device, in one embodiment, isconstructed to ascertain optimum metering accuracy and compatibility ofits constructive elements, such as container, valve and actuator withthe formulation and could be based on a mechanical pump system, e.g.,that of a metered-dose nebulizer, dry powder inhaler, soft mist inhaler,or a nebulizer. For example, pulmonary delivery devices include a jetnebulizer, electronic nebulizer, a soft mist inhaler, and acapsule-based dry powder inhaler.

Suitable propellants, e.g., for MDI delivery, may be selected among suchgases as fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrocarbons,hydrofluoroalkane propellants (e.g., HFA-134a and HFA-227), nitrogen anddinitrogen oxide or mixtures thereof.

The inhalation delivery device can be a nebulizer, dry powder inhaler,or a metered dose inhaler (MDI), or any other suitable inhalationdelivery device known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The devicecan contain and be used to deliver a single dose of the prostacyclincomposition or the device can contain and be used to deliver multi-dosesof the composition of the present invention.

A nebulizer type inhalation delivery device can contain the compositionsof the present invention as a solution, usually aqueous, or asuspension. For example, the prostacyclin compound or composition can besuspended in saline and loaded into the inhalation delivery device. Ingenerating the nebulized spray of the compositions for inhalation, thenebulizer delivery device may be driven ultrasonically, by compressedair, by other gases, electronically or mechanically (e.g., vibratingmesh or aperture plate). Vibrating mesh nebulizers generate fineparticle, low velocity aerosol, and nebulize therapeutic solutions andsuspensions at a faster rate than conventional jet or ultrasonicnebulizers. Accordingly, the duration of treatment can be shortened witha vibrating mesh nebulizer, as compared to a jet or ultrasonicnebulizer. Vibrating mesh nebulizers amenable for use with the methodsdescribed herein include the Philips Respironics I-Neb®, the OmronMicroAir, the Nektar Aeroneb®, and the Pari eFlow®.

The nebulizer may be portable and hand held in design, and may beequipped with a self contained electrical unit. The nebulizer device maycomprise a nozzle that has two coincident outlet channels of definedaperture size through which the liquid formulation can be accelerated.This results in impaction of the two streams and atomization of theformulation. The nebulizer may use a mechanical actuator to force theliquid formulation through a multiorifice nozzle of defined aperturesize(s) to produce an aerosol of the formulation for inhalation. In thedesign of single dose nebulizers, blister packs containing single dosesof the formulation may be employed.

In the present invention the nebulizer may be employed to ensure thesizing of particles is optimal for positioning of the particle within,for example, the pulmonary membrane.

Upon nebulization, the nebulized composition (also referred to as“aerosolized composition”) is in the form of aerosolized particles. Theaerosolized composition can be characterized by the particle size of theaerosol, for example, by measuring the “mass median aerodynamicdiameter” or “fine particle fraction” associated with the aerosolizedcomposition. “Mass median aerodynamic diameter” or “MMAD” is normalizedregarding the aerodynamic separation of aqua aerosol droplets and isdetermined by impactor measurements, e.g., the Anderson Cascade Impactor(ACI) or the Next Generation Impactor (NGI). The gas flow rate, in oneembodiment, is 28 Liter per minute for the ACI and 15 liter per minutefor the NGI.

“Geometric standard deviation” or “GSD” is a measure of the spread of anaerodynamic particle size distribution. Low GSDs characterize a narrowdroplet size distribution (homogeneously sized droplets), which isadvantageous for targeting aerosol to the respiratory system. Theaverage droplet size of the nebulized composition provided herein, inone embodiment is less than 5 μm or about 1 μm to about 5 μm, and has aGSD in a range of 1.0 to 2.2, or about 1.0 to about 2.2, or 1.5 to 2.2,or about 1.5 to about 2.2.

“Fine particle fraction” or “FPF,” as used herein, refers to thefraction of the aerosol having a particle size less than 5 μm indiameter, as measured by cascade impaction. FPF is usually expressed asa percentage.

In one embodiment, the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of thenebulized composition is about 1 μm to about 5 μm, or about 1 μm toabout 4 μm, or about 1 μm to about 3 μm or about 1 μm to about 2 μm, asmeasured by the Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI) or Next GenerationImpactor (NGI). In another embodiment, the MMAD of the nebulizedcomposition is about 5 μm or less, about 4 μm or less, about 3 μm orless, about 2 μm or less, or about 1 μm or less, as measured by cascadeimpaction, for example, by the ACI or NGI.

In one embodiment, the MMAD of the aerosol of the pharmaceuticalcomposition is less than about 4.9 μm, less than about 4.5 μm, less thanabout 4.3 μm, less than about 4.2 μm, less than about 4.1 μm, less thanabout 4.0 μm or less than about 3.5 μm, as measured by cascadeimpaction.

In one embodiment, the MMAD of the aerosol of the pharmaceuticalcomposition is about 1.0 μm to about 5.0 μm, about 2.0 μm to about 4.5μm, about 2.5 μm to about 4.0 μm, about 3.0 μm to about 4.0 μm or about3.5 μm to about 4.5 μm, as measured by cascade impaction (e.g., by theACI or NGI).

In one embodiment, the FPF of the aerosolized composition is greaterthan or equal to about 50%, as measured by the ACI or NGI, greater thanor equal to about 60%, as measured by the ACI or NGI or greater than orequal to about 70%, as measured by the ACI or NGI. In anotherembodiment, the FPF of the aerosolized composition is about 50% to about80%, or about 50% to about 70% or about 50% to about 60%, as measured bythe NGI or ACI.

In one embodiment, a metered dose inhalator (MDI) is employed as theinhalation delivery device for the compositions of the presentinvention. In a further embodiment, the prostacyclin compound issuspended in a propellant (e.g., hydroflourocarbon) prior to loadinginto the MDI. The basic structure of the MDI comprises a metering valve,an actuator and a container. A propellant is used to discharge theformulation from the device. The composition may consist of particles ofa defined size suspended in the pressurized propellant(s) liquid, or thecomposition can be in a solution or suspension of pressurized liquidpropellant(s). The propellants used are primarily atmospheric friendlyhydroflourocarbons (HFCs) such as 134a and 227. The device of theinhalation system may deliver a single dose via, e.g., a blister pack,or it may be multi dose in design. The pressurized metered doseinhalator of the inhalation system can be breath actuated to deliver anaccurate dose of the lipid-containing formulation. To insure accuracy ofdosing, the delivery of the formulation may be programmed via amicroprocessor to occur at a certain point in the inhalation cycle. TheMDI may be portable and hand held.

In one embodiment, a dry powder inhaler (DPI) is employed as theinhalation delivery device for the compositions of the presentinvention. In one embodiment, the DPI generates particles having an MMADof from about 1 μm to about 10 μm, or about 1 μm to about 9 μm, or about1 μm to about 8 μm, or about 1 μm to about 7 μm, or about 1 μm to about6 μm, or about 1 μm to about 5 μm, or about 1 μm to about 4 μm, or about1 μm to about 3 μm, or about 1 μm to about 2 μm in diameter, as measuredby the NGI or ACI. In another embodiment, the DPI generates a particleshaving an MMAD of from about 1 μm to about 10 μm, or about 2 μm to about10 μm, or about 3 μm to about 10 μm, or about 4 μm to about 10 μm, orabout 5 μm to about 10 μm, or about 6 μm to about 10 μm, or about 7 μmto about 10 μm, or about 8 μm to about 10 μm, or about 9 μm to about 10μm, as measured by the NGI or ACI.

In one embodiment, the MMAD of the particles generated by the DPI isabout 1 μm or less, about 9 μm or less, about 8 μm or less, about 7 μmor less, 6 μm or less, 5 μm or less, about 4 μm or less, about 3 μm orless, about 2 μm or less, or about 1 μm or less, as measured by the NGIor ACI.

In one embodiment, the MMAD of the particles generated by the DPI isless than about 9.9 μm, less than about 9.5 μm, less than about 9.3 μm,less than about 9.2 μm, less than about 9.1 μm, less than about 9.0 μm,less than about 8.5 μm, less than about 8.3 μm, less than about 8.2 μm,less than about 8.1 μm, less than about 8.0 μm, less than about 7.5 μm,less than about 7.3 μm, less than about 7.2 μm, less than about 7.1 μm,less than about 7.0 μm, less than about 6.5 μm, less than about 6.3 μm,less than about 6.2 μm, less than about 6.1 μm, less than about 6.0 μm,less than about 5.5 μm, less than about 5.3 μm, less than about 5.2 μm,less than about 5.1 μm, less than about 5.0 μm, less than about 4.5 μm,less than about 4.3 μm, less than about 4.2 μm, less than about 4.1 μm,less than about 4.0 μm or less than about 3.5 μm, as measured by the NGIor ACI.

In one embodiment, the MMAD of the particles generated by the DPI isabout 1.0 μm to about 10.0 μm, about 2.0 μm to about 9.5 μm, about 2.5μm to about 9.0 μm, about 3.0 μm to about 9.0 μm, about 3.5 μm to about8.5 μm or about 4.0 μm to about 8.0 μm.

In one embodiment, the FPF of the prostacyclin particulate compositiongenerated by the DPI is greater than or equal to about 40%, as measuredby the ACI or NGI, greater than or equal to about 50%, as measured bythe ACI or NGI, greater than or equal to about 60%, as measured by theACI or NGI, or greater than or equal to about 70%, as measured by theACI or NGI. In another embodiment, the FPF of the aerosolizedcomposition is about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70% orabout 40% to about 60%, as measured by the NGI or ACI.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further illustrated by reference to thefollowing Examples. However, it should be noted that these Examples,like the embodiments described above, are illustrative and are not to beconstrued as restricting the scope of the invention in any way.

Example 1 Synthesis of Treprostinil Alkyl Esters

Treprostinil compounds derivatized with alkyl groups at the carboxylicacid moiety were prepared. Specifically, treprostinil was derivatized atthe carboxylic acid moiety with C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₈, C₁₀, C₁₂, C₁₆,and C₁₈ alkyl chains (i.e., R₂ in Formula (A), below, is C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅,C₆, C₈, C₁₀, C₁₂, C₁₆ or C₁₈ alkyl) to make treprostinil alkyl esters ofvarious ester chain lengths. Treprostinil can be synthesized, forexample, by the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,765,117 and8,497,393. Synthesis of prostaglandin derivatives is described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,668,814. The disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,765,117;8,497,393 and 4,668,814 are each incorporated by reference in theirentireties for all purposes.

Scheme 1:

Treprostinil esterification was catalyzed by strongly acidic resinAmberlyst® 15 (Rohm and Haas). Treprostinil acid was dissolved inanhydrous dioxane/alcohol at a concentration 10 mg/mL (typically 4 mL).Alcohol (R₂—OH) added was appropriate to make corresponding chain lengthat the R₂ group. By way of example, for the C₂ (ethyl ester) compound,the alcohol was ethanol. The molar amount of alcohol in the solvent wasten times the molar amount of treprostinil.

Treprostinil in dioxane/alcohol solution was added to washed and dryAmberlyst resin. Per each 40 mg treprostinil, 1 g resin in a glass vialwas added. The mixture was placed on a shaker and incubated overnight at40° C. Next, the liquid portion was taken out of the vial, washed twicewith 3 mL dioxane. All recovered solvent was then collected. The solventwas dried by nitrogen stream until the evaporation stopped. Theremaining treprostinil alkyl ester and nonvolatile alcohol (if longchain alcohol used) was dissolved in 2 mL hexane/ethyl acetate 1:1, andcleaned by liquid-liquid extraction vs. equal volume of phosphatebuffer, and then water. Next, the organic layer was separated and driedby nitrogen stream and further in vacuum. If a long chain alcohol used,an additional purification step was required to separate alcohol byliquid chromatography. ACE CN, 5 μm, Ultra-Inert HPLC Column, 100×21.2mm was used, with mobile phase of hexane/propanol 98:2%.

Scheme 2:

To a solution of(1R,2R,3aS,9a5)-[[2,3,3a,4,9,9α-hexahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1H-benz[f]inden-5-yl]oxy]acetic acid (treprostinil) (78.1 mg, 200 μmoles) dissolved in1,4-dioxane (2.0 mL) was added Amberlyst® 15 resin (2.0 g) and alcoholR₂—OH (2.0 mmoles, 10 equivalents). The reaction mixture was heated to40° C. and allowed to shake at approximately 100 rpm for 18-196 hours.Solvent was removed and the resin was washed with acetonitrile (MeCN)(3×3 mL). The 1,4-dioxane and MeCN extracts were combined and driedusing a gentle stream of warmed N₂ gas and gentle heat to yield a thickwaxy solid. The crude material was dissolved in 20% ^(n)PrOH/Hexanes andsubmitted to preparatory HPLC purification. Solvent was removed from thepurified material using a gentle stream of warmed N₂ gas and gentle heatto yield an off-white waxy solid. The pure material was suspended inethyl lactate for storage and was submitted to analytical HPLC forconcentration determination.

By way of example, the following compounds of Formula (A) weresynthesized by the method of scheme 2.

Compound R₂ group abbreviation

  (C₁₆) C₁₆-TR

  (C₁₄) C₁₄-TR

  (C₁₂) C₁₂-TR

  (C₁₀) C₁₀-TR

  (2C₉) C₉-TR

  (5C₉) 5C₉-TR

  (C₉) 2C₉-TR

  ((S)-2C₉) (S)-2C₉-TR

  ((R)-2C₉) (R)-2C₉-TR

  (C₈) C₈-TR

  ((S)-2C₈) (S)-2C₈-TR

  ((R)-2C₈) (R)-2C₈-TR

  (3C₈) 3C₈-TR

  (4C₈) 4C₈-TR

  (C₆) C₆-TR

  (C₅) C₅-TR

  (C₄) C₄-TR

  (C₃) C₃-TR

  (C₂) C₂-TR

A general diagram for synthesis of the ethyl ester of treprostinil isshown in Scheme 1, below. The alcohol can be modified based on thedesired alkyl ester chain length (e.g., C₅-C₁₈ alkyl esters of even orodd chain length, straight chain or branched).

Example 2 Spontaneous and Esterase-Mediated Hydrolysis of TreprostinilAlkyl Esters

Spontaneous and/or esterase-mediated hydrolysis was measured for theprostacyclin alkyl ester compositions provided in Table 2. Cx indicatesthe alkyl chain length at position R₂ of the compound of Formula (A),provided above.

TABLE 2 Components of prostacyclin alkyl ester compositions HydrophobicHydrophobic PEGylated Cx-TR Additive PEG-lipid DOPC Composition Cx-TRAdditive lipid mol % mol % mol % mol % T493 C₂-TR Squalane Chol- 40 4020 0 PEG2k T500 C₄-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 20 0 PEG2k T507 C₆-TRSqualane Chol- 40 40 20 0 PEG2k T508 C₈-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 20 0PEG2k T509 C₁₀-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 20 0 PEG2k T554 C₂-TR SqualaneChol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k T555 C₈-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k T556C₁₀-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k T568 C₁₂-TR Squalane Chol- 40 4010 10 PEG2k T623 C₁₆-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k T637 C₁₈-TRSqualane Chol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k

Additionally, spontaneous hydrolysis was measured for 200 μM oftreprostinil compounds derivatized at the carboxylic acid group witheither a C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₈ or C₁₀ alkyl group in 20% ethanol at 40° C.at six time points (0 hr., 1 hr., 2 hr., 4 hr., 6 hr., 24 hr.).

Each sample was prepared as a 200 μM solution in 20% ethanol. At eachtime point, an aliquot was removed for HPLC analysis to resolveremaining reactants (C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₈, C₁₀) or their degradationproduct (treprostinil). For each sample, hydrolysis was calculated fromthe measured reactant and product peak areas:

% hydrolysis=(product peak area/(reactant peak area+product peakarea)*100).

The results of the time course experiment are provided at FIG. 1A. Theresults indicate that hydrolysis rate is correlated with the length ofthe alkyl ester moiety.

Esterase mediated hydrolysis of treprostinil compounds and compositionswas measured for compounds derivatized at the carboxylic acid group withC₂, C₄, C₆, C₈ and C₁₀ alkyl groups and compositions comprising thesame. Experiments were conducted at 37° C., and hydrolysis was measuredat 15 min., 30 min., and 1 hour after addition of the esterase to thecompound solution. The reaction mixture for each sample was prepared ata final volume of 500 μL containing, 200 μM treprostinil compound, 0.05U esterase, 20% ethanol, and PBS. Hydrolysis was measured as describedabove.

The results of this experiment are provided at FIG. 1B. The resultsindicate that compound degradation rate decreases with increasing alkylester chain length.

Treprostinil alkyl ester conversion to treprostinil was also measured inthe presence of rat, dog and monkey lung tissue homogenate at 37° C.Here, data were calculated based on fit of exponential increase to themaximum (experiments performed in duplicate). The results of this studyare provided below in Table 2A and FIG. 37. Specifically, FIG. 37 left,shows that conversion to treprostinil depends on alkyl chain length. Inthis experiment, treprostinil alkyl esters were incubated for 4 hours ata final concentration of 200 nM in 1 mL of tissue homogenate prepared inwater and normalized to 10 mg/mL of protein.

FIG. 37 right, shows conversion of C₁₂-TR to treprostinil (percentage)in the presence of rat, dog or monkey lung tissue homogenate. C₁₂-TR wasincubated for 4 hours at a final concentration of 200 nM in 1 mL oftissue homogenate prepared in water and normalized to 10 mg/mL ofprotein. Both FIG. 37 experiments (left and right graphs) were performedin duplicate and the lines represent nonlinear exponential regressionassuming 1 phase decay.

TABLE 2A Rate of treprostinil alkyl ester conversion in the presence ofrat, dog or monkey lung tissue homogenate. Rate of treprostinil alkylester conversion (nmOL/h * g of protein) C₈-TR C₁₀-TR C₁₂-TR C₁₄-TR Rat32.5 7.3 1.1 0.4 Dog 49.8 10.5 2.2 — Monkey 17.3 4.6 0.6 —

Example 3 Particle Size Characterization of Treprostinil Compositions

The compositions in Table 3 were subject to particle sizecharacterization. Cx indicates the alkyl chain length at position R₂ ofFormula (A), provided above.

TABLE 3 Compositions subject to particle size characterizationHydrophobic Hydrophobic PEGylated Cx-TR Additive PEGylated DOPCComposition Cx-TR Additive lipid mol % mol % lipid mol % mol % T554 (C₂)C₂-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k T499 (C₃) C₃-TR Squalane Chol- 4040 20 0 PEG2k T500 (C₄) C₄-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 20 0 PEG2k T501 (C₅)C₅-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 20 0 PEG2k T601 (C₆) C₆-TR Squalane Chol- 4040 10 10 PEG2k T555 (C₈) C₈-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k T556(C₁₀) C₁₀-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k T568 (C₁₂) C₁₂-TR SqualaneChol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k T623 (C₁₆) C₁₆-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 10 10PEG2k T637 (C₁₈) C₁₈-TR Squalane Chol- 40 40 10 10 PEG2k

All particle size measurements were performed using a Wyatt TechnologyMobius™ Zeta Potential/Particle Sizing Instrument in Quasi-elastic lightscattering (QELS) mode. Composition aliquots were diluted 10-fold inpre-filtered (0.02 μm pore filter) ultrapure of deionized H₂O. Lightscattering data was collected and converted into particle size and sizedistribution using Dynamics® v. 7.2.4 instrument software. Reportedaverage particle size diameter is based on the cumulants model, whichmathematically fits particle diffusion constants (determined by the rawscattering intensities of particles in a suspension) to obtain theparticle size mean and a distribution of particle sizes around the meandiameter.

It was found that the particle size (average particle diameter) oftreprostinil compositions increases in size in compositions comprisingC₂-C₅ alkyl ester derivatized treprostinil, and decreases in size incompositions comprising C₆-C₁₂ alkyl ester derivatized treprostinil.These results are provided in FIG. 2. The largest average particlediameter was found for compositions comprising treprostinil pentyl ester(i.e., treprostinil derivatized with a C₅ alkyl ester) (316 nm).Compositions comprising treprostinil ethyl ester had an average particlediameter of 41 nm. It should be recognized that through manipulation ofprocessing parameters the same compositions could be produced withdifferent mean diameters and size distributions. Manipulations ofcomposition in combination with manipulation of processing parameterscould also be performed to produce particles of various sizes.

Under the conditions utilized here it was also found that longer chainderivatized treprostinil compounds formed more uniform particles thancompounds having shorter alkyl ester chains. Particle uniformity wasdetermined using the software-calculated polydispersity (% PD).Polydispersity is defined as the standard deviation of the particle sizedistribution from the mean particle size value. % PD normalizes thepolydispersity to the mean diameter by dividing by the mean size andmultiplying by 100. These parameters indicate whether a particlesuspension has one or more size populations of particles (monomodalversus multimodal). It also gives insight into the width of particlesize distribution (or degree particle uniformity) around the mean forthe respective particle populations.

Dynamics® polydispersity parameter represents a monodisperse populationof particles if % PD≤15. A calculated % PD≥57% represents a polydispersepopulation of particles. For instance, the % PD data plotted in FIG. 2yields information about the uniformity of particle size populationsfrom the treprostinil compounds tested. C₈-TR (TR=treprostinil), C₁₀-TR,C₁₂-TR, and C₁₄-TR alkyl esters yielded near monodisperse particles with% PD at or around 15. C₂-TR, C₆-TR, C₁₆-TR, and C₁₈-TR alkyl estersyielded particles that have % PD slightly above the 15, suggesting thatthere is one population of particles. However, these particles possesseda wider distribution of particles sizes around the mean particle sizewhen compared to C₈-TR, C₁₀-TR, C₁₂-TR, and C₁₄-TR. C₃-TR, C₄-TR, andC₅-TR showed much greater than 15% PD and some ≥57. These valuesindicate that there are multiple populations of particles that possesswide particle size distributions.

Example 4 Measurement of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Levels inCHO-K1 Cells in Response to Treprostinil Compositions

A cell based Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) assay based on theGloSensor™ cAMP assay (Promega) was used to characterize the effect oftreprostinil alkyl ester compounds on cAMP levels.

cAMP is a second messenger involved in signal transduction of G-proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs) acting through Gα-s and Gα-i proteins. Becausethe treprostinil receptor is a GPCR, the assay provides an indication ofwhether the respective prostacyclin compound (or metabolite thereof)binds its receptor and activates the GPCR cell signaling cascade.

The GloSensor™ assay harnesses a genetically modified form of fireflyluciferase into which a cAMP-binding protein moiety has been inserted.Upon binding of cAMP, a conformational change is induced leading toincreased light output.

The EP2 prostanoid receptor was co-transfected with the GloSensor™plasmid (Promega) into CHO-K1 cells as follows. CHO-K1 cells wereharvested when the monoloayer was at 50-90% confluence. First, cellswere washed with 5 mL PBS. Two mL of pre-warmed (37° C.) 0.05%trypsin-EDTA (Life Technologies, Cat #: 25300054) was added, and cellswere dislodged by tapping the flask on the side. Next, 10 mL ofantibiotic free growth media (Life Tech, Cat #: 31765092) containing 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS; Hyclone, Cat #: SH30071.03) was added, andcells were centrifuged at 250×g for 5 minutes at room temperature. Themedia was aspirated, and the cell pellet was resuspended in 10 mL ofgrowth media. Cell number was determined using a hemacytometer. Eachwell of a culture treated 96 well flat bottom plate (Costar, Cat #:3917) was seeded with 1×10⁴ cells per 100 μL antibiotic-free growthmedia. The cells were incubated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in awater-jacketed incubator.

For small scale transfections of up to 20 wells, the pGLoSensor-22F cAMPplasmid (Promega, Cat #: E2301) (2 μg): (EP2) (10 ng) (Origene, Cat #:SC126558):pGEM-3Zf(+) (10 ng) (Promega, Cat #: P2271) ratio was dilutedto a final concentration of 12.6 ng/μL (total plasmid) in Opti-MEM Ireduced-serum medium (Life Technologies, Cat #: 1985062). Next, 6 μL ofFuGENE HD transfection reagent (Promega, Cat #: E2311) was added to 160μL of diluted plasmid and mixed carefully by gentle pipetting. Thecomplex was incubated at room temperature for 0 to 10 minutes, and then8 μL of the complex was added per well of a 96 well white assay plate(Costar, Cat #: 3917) and gently mixed without disturbing the cellmonolayer. The plates were incubated for 20-24 hours at 37° C. and 5%CO₂ in a water-jacketed incubator. Following incubation, cells weretreated and analyzed.

For larger scale transfections, the aforementioned steps were scaled upaccordingly, and cells were frozen following the last incubation. Inorder to prepare frozen transfected CHO-K1 cells, the media wasaspirated from culture flasks and cells were rinsed with 5 mL PBS. Asabove, 2 mL of pre-warmed (37° C.) 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (LifeTechnologies, Cat #: 25300054) was added, and cells were dislodged bytapping the flask on the side. Next, 10 mL of antibiotic free growthmedia (Life Technologies, Cat #: 31765092) containing 10% FBS (Hyclone,Cat #: SH30071.03) was added, and cells were centrifuged at 250×g for 5minutes at room temperature. Cell number was determined using ahemacytometer. The media was aspirated, and the cell pellet wasresuspended in freezing media (Millipore, cat #: S-002-5F) at 2.5×10⁶cells/vial. Transfected cells were incubated overnight at −80° C. beforetransfer to liquid nitrogen for long term storage. The frozen stockswere then thawed one day prior to use for assays, and cells were seededat 2.5×10⁴ cells per well in 100 μL of antibiotic-free complete media(F12 (Life Technologies, Cat #: 31765092)+10% FBS (Hyclone, Cat #:SH30071.03)). Following an overnight incubation at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ ina water-jacketed incubator, the cells were ready for use in cAMPresponse assays.

In preparation for cAMP measurement, the cells were equilibrated withthe GloSensor cAMP reagent prior to treatment. For equilibration, themedium was carefully removed from the individual well. Next, 100 μL ofequilibration medium (6% v/v of Glosensor Reagent stock solution(Promega, Cat #: E291), 10% FBS (Hyclone, Cat #: SH30071.03) and 88% CO₂independent medium (Life Technologies, Cat #: 18045088)) was added perwell of the 96-well plate, and added to the side of each well. The platewas then incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. A first pre-readmeasurement was taken using a microplate reader (MicroLumat Plus).Plates were incubated for an additional 10 minutes at room temperature,followed by a second pre-read measurement.

Working solutions of free treprostinil and treprostinil alkyl estercompounds were prepared at 10× concentration so that the finalconcentration was 1× once added to the cells. Following treatment, eachplate was read every 5 minutes for the duration of the assay using amicroplate reader (MicroLumat Plus). In order to determine the foldchange in cAMP relative to the control, the transfection efficiency wasfirst determined by dividing the second pre-read measurement by theaverage of the corresponding pre-read measurements. Next, the normalizedrelative light units (RLUs) of the samples were determined by dividingthe plate read measurement by the transfection efficiency. The foldchange in cAMP relative to the control was then determined by dividingthe normalized RLU of the samples by the normalized RLU of the control.

Validation of cAMP Assay Using Free Treprostinil

The cAMP assay was validated using free treprostinil. Treprostinil (10μM, 1 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.01 μM, 0.001 μM, 0.0001 μM, 0.00001 μM, and 0.000001μM) was added to equilibrated CHO-K1 cells, and the cells were thenincubated for 30 minutes. Luminescence was then measured at roomtemperature.

Alkyl Ester Treprostinil Compositions

CHO-K1 cells co-transfected with the EP2 receptor and GloSensor™ plasmidwere challenged with free treprostinil (10 μM, 1 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.01 μM,0.001 μM, 0.0001 μM, 0.00001 μM, 0.000001 μM) and treprostinil alkylester compounds, i.e., compounds having either a C₆, C₈ or C₁₀ straightchain alkyl group at the R₂ position of the compound of Formula (A),shown above.

The following concentrations of compounds were measured: 10 μM, 1 μM,0.1 μM, 0.01 μM, 0.001 μM, 0.0001 μM, 0.00001 μM, 0.000001 μM. cAMPlevels were then measured every 5 minutes over a time course of 8 hours.Results from the three highest concentrations are provided at FIG. 3A(10 μM), FIG. 3B (1 μM) and FIG. 3C (0.1 μM). The components of thetreprostinil compositions set forth in FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are shown inTable 4 below.

cAMP levels in response to the treprostinil decyl ester (C₁₀-TR) (10 μM)were equivalent to free treprostinil and the levels were sustained forat least 6 hours. The sustained cAMP level was not exhibited in responseto free treprostinil.

CHO-K1 cells co-transfected with the EP2 receptor and GloSensor™ plasmidwere challenged with free treprostinil (5 μM) and treprostinilcompositions having either a treprostinil derivatized at the R₂ positionof the above compound with a C₂, C₆, C₈, C₁₀, or Cu straight chain group(5 μM). The components of the treprostinil compositions are provided inTable 5, below. cAMP levels were then measured every 5 minutes over atime course of 8 hours.

Results of these experiments using the 5 μM dose are provided at FIG. 4and FIG. 5. cAMP response to the C₂ and C₁₀ treprostinil alkyl esters (5μM) was greater than or equivalent to the response induced by freetreprostinil (FIG. 4). The cAMP levels in response to the C₂ and C₁₀treprostinil alkyl ester compounds were sustained significantly longerthan free treprostinil and the C₆, C₈, and C₁₂ treprostinil derivatives.

TABLE 4 Treprostinil alkyl ester compositions shown in FIG. 3. Chol-Composition Cx-TR Tocoacetate PEG2000 Squalane DOPC Max cAMP (Cx-TR) mol% mol % mol % mol % mol % level (Fold) Treprostinil 100 ~16 T543 (C₆-TR)40 40 20 0 ~8 T555 (C₈-TR) 40 10 40 10 ~14 T556 (C₁₀-TR) 40 10 40 10 ~16

TABLE 5 Treprostinil alkyl ester compositions shown in FIG. 4. MaxComposition Cx- Chol- Squa- cAMP (Cx-TR) TR PEG2000 lane DOPC level(concentration) mol % mol % mol % mol % (Fold) Treprostinil 100 ~14 T554(C₂-TR) (5 μM) 40 10 40 10 ~24 T601 (C₆-TR) (5 μM) 40 10 40 10 T555(C₈-TR) (5 μM) 40 10 40 10 ~13 T556 (C₁₀-TR) (5 μM) 40 10 40 10 ~17 T568(C₁₂-TR) (5 μM) 40 10 40 10 ~9

Treprostinil Compounds

The cell based (CHO-K1) cAMP assay was also used to characterize theeffect of unformulated treprostinil compounds (i.e., compounds without ahydrophobic additive and/or an amphiphilic agent such as a PEGylatedlipid) on cAMP levels.

CHO-K1 cells co-transfected with the EP2 receptor and GloSensor™ plasmidwere challenged with free treprostinil (5 μM) and treprostinilderivatives having either a C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₈, C₁₀, or C₁₂ straightchain alkyl ester moiety (5 μM). cAMP levels were then measured every 5minutes over a time course of 8 hours.

Results of these experiments are provided at FIG. 5. C₂ and C₁₀treprostinil alkyl esters induced cAMP response levels equivalent tofree treprostinil. The C₁₂ derivatized treprostinil compound was foundto induce the smallest cAMP response.

Nebulized Treprostinil Ester Compositions

The cell based (CHO-K1) cAMP assay described above was also used tocharacterize the effect of nebulization of various treprostinilcompositions on cAMP levels.

CHO-K1 cells co-transfected with the EP2 receptor and GloSensor™ plasmidwere challenged with 10 μM free treprostinil (control or nebulized) and10 μM treprostinil compositions comprising a compound derivatized witheither a C₂, C₈, C₁₀, or C₁₂ straight chain alkyl group at position R₂of the compound of Formula (A), provided above (control or nebulized).

The compositions tested in this experiment are provided in Table 6 below(results in FIG. 6). cAMP levels were then measured every 5 minutes overa time course of 8 hours.

Nebulizer Aeroneb Pro (Aerogen) was used to nebulize treprostinilderivative compositions. Desired volume of the formulation (usually 3mL) was loaded to the mesh head of the nebulizer. The head was connecteddirectly to the glass impinger with air-tight seal. Nebulization wascarried out using factory settings until the entire sample wasnebulized. After nebulization was complete, the head was disconnected;impinger capped and centrifuged 5 min at 600×g to settle the aerosolinside the impinger. The procedure provided nearly 100% yield incollecting the nebulized sample.

As shown in FIG. 6, nebulization of the derivatized treprostinilcompositions did not have a deleterious effect on cAMP response levels,or duration of the response.

TABLE 6 Treprostinil Alkyl Ester Compositions: Effect of nebulization.Max Cx- Chol- cAMP (5 μM) TR PEG2000 Squalane DOPC level Cx-TR mol % mol% mol % mol % (Fold) Treprostinil 100 ~15 T554 (C₂-TR) 40 10 40 10 ~22T555 (C₈-TR) 40 10 40 10 ~13 T556 (C₁₀-TR) 40 10 40 10 ~18 T568 (C₁₂-TR)40 10 40 10 ~13

Comparison of Treprostinil Compounds and Compositions Comprising theSame

The half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of the varioustreprostinil compounds were determined using the results from the cAMPassays. Table 7 (below) summarizes the EC₅₀ data for cAMP response inCHO-K1 cells for the following compositions and compounds:

T554 (C₂-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),

T612 (C₂-TR 10 mol %, DMPE-P1K 90 mol %),

T501 (C₅-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 20 mol %),T601 (C₆-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),T555 (C₈-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),T556 (C₁₀-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),T568 (C₁₂-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),

T621 (C₁₂-TR 10 mol %, DPPE-P2K 90 mol %),

T623 (C₁₆-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),

T622 (C₁₆-TR 10 mol %, DPPE-P2K 90 mol %), C₂-TR (100 mol %), C₈-TR (100mol %), C₁₂-TR (100 mol %) and

free treprostinil.

A subset of the dose response curves for selected treprostinil compoundsand compositions are provided in FIGS. 7-14. With free treprostinil, thepotency decreases with increasing incubation time (supporting animmediate response), while all the various treprostinil compositionsexhibit an increasing potency with incubation time (suggestive of adelay-release profile).

TABLE 7 EC₅₀ values for treprostinil compositions. EC₅₀ (μM) Samples 0.5hr 1.0 hr 2.0 hr 3.0 hr 4.0 hr 4.5 hr 5.0 hr 6.0 hr 7.0 hr 8.0 hrTreprostinil 0.18 0.28 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.2 0.26 0.29 0.46 0.44 T554(C₂-TR) 5.96 6.05 5.25 2.43 2.14 2.12 2.22 2.31 2.28 1.96 T501 (C₅-TR)15.4 15.4 10.9 5.98 5.64 5.07 5.07 4.46 4.11 3.92 T601 (C₆-TR) ~0.009345.2 14.4 75.0 22.0 21.3 24.5 9.35 6.17 4.94 T555 (C₈-TR) 20.8 15.1 5.654.10 2.99 2.66 2.41 2.03 1.71 1.48 T556 (C₁₀-TR) ~6.83 4.94 1.69 1.802.20 2.09 2.34 1.78 1.51 2.20 T568 (C₁₂-TR) 12.2 8.07 6.54 4.12 3.213.06 2.37 2.33 2.24 2.03 T631 (C₁₄-TR) ~0.0015 ~0.0088 34.1 12.4 3.972.79 2.17 1.88 1.45 1.23 T623 (C₁₆-TR) 13.7 ~0.0090 42.9 24.8 5.10 4.593.87 2.78 1.97 1.77 C₂-TR 2.43 2.27 1.75 1.81 1.88 1.84 1.91 1.68 1.711.65 (constrain) C₈-TR 3.69 3.39 1.69 1.42 1.53 1.41 1.4 1.4 1.34 1.09(constrain) C₁₂-TR 4.98 5.35 4.54 4.07 3.13 3.17 2.94 3.25 3.17 2.9(constrain) T612 (C₂-TR) 10.0 7.08 7.9 2.23 2.76 1.54 0.88 0.44 0.410.28 T622 (C₁₆-TR) ~0.012 24.6 3.53 2.2 8.29 25.2 16.3 3.9 1.90 1.14Constrain: All EC₅₀ values were generated using GraphPad Prism 5software. For samples, C₂-TR, C₈-TR and C₁₂-TR, the data were analyzedby constraining the top and bottom parameter to a constant numbercorresponding to the highest and lowest value respectively, generatedfrom the cAMP assay. *For samples T612 (C₂-TR); T622 (C₁₆-TR), becauseof toxicity at higher concentrations, those values were excluded fromthe analyses in order to generate an EC₅₀ value.

Example 5 Determination of the Effect of Treprostinil Compounds on CellProliferation

In order to determine any effect of treprostinil compounds on cellproliferation, cell based assays using CHO-K1 cells and rat alveolarcells (NR8383 cells) were performed.

CHO-K1 Cells

CHO-K1 cells were harvested when the cell monolayer was 50-90% confluent(use passage 4-11). Media was aspirated out of the flask, and cells wererinsed with 2 mL of F12 media. Next, 1 mL of pre-warmed (37° C.) 0.25%trypsin-EDTA (Life Technologies, Cat #: 25300054) was added, and cellswere dislodged from the flask by tapping it on the side. Complete growthmedia (F12 (Life Technologies, Cat #: 31765092)+10% FBS (Hyclone, Cat #:SH30071.03)+1× Pen-Strep (Life Technologies, cat #15140-122) was thenadded at a volume of 10 mL. Cells were centrifuged at 250×g for 5minutes at room temperature, and the media was aspirated. The cellpellet was resuspended in 10 mL complete growth media. Cell number wasdetermined using a hemacytometer. Cells were then seeded at 2000 cellsper well of a 96-well plate in 100 μL of complete growth media. Theplate was incubated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in a water-jacketedincubator.

The next day, 80 μL of fresh complete media was added to each well, andCHO-K1 cells were challenged with treprostinil compound and compositiontreatments. The working solutions were prepared at 10× concentration,and following 2 fold serial dilutions, 20 μL aliquots were added perwell to arrive at a final 1× concentration. Following a 48 hourincubation at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in a water-jacketed incubator, theinhibitory effect on cell proliferation was determined. Plates wereanalyzed using 20 μL of Presto Blue reagent (Life Technologies, cat #:A13262) per well. The reagent was mixed, and plates were incubated for 1hour at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in a water-jacketed incubator. Plates wereread using either a CytoFluor Series 4000 (PerSeptive BioSystems) orSynergy Neo microplate reader (BioTek) with emission λ: 590 nm andexcitation λ: 560 nm. The percent inhibition was determined using thefollowing formula: % inhibition=100%−(treated samples/control×100%).

NR8383 Cells

Rat alveolar NR8383 cells were harvested when the monolayer was 50-90%confluent (use passage 5-11). Because the NR8383 cells include bothadherent and non-adherent cells, media was transferred to a 50 mL Falcontube. To obtain the cells remaining in the flask, 2 mL of plain mediawas added, and the remaining cells were scraped out of the 75 cm² flaskwith a cell scraper and added to the 50 mL tube. Cells were centrifugedat 200×g for 5 minutes at room temperature, and the media was aspirated.The cell pellet was resuspended in 10 mL complete growth media (F12(Life Technologies, Cat #: 31765092)+15% FBS heat inactivated (Hyclone,Cat #: SH30071.03)+1×Pen-Strep (Life Technologies, cat #: 15410-122)).Cell number was determined using a hemacytometer. Cells were then seededat 4000 cells per well of a 96-well plate in 100 μL of complete growthmedia. The plate was incubated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in awater-jacketed incubator.

The next day, 80 μL of fresh complete media was added to each well, andthe NR8383 cells were challenged with treprostinil compound treatments.Following a 72 hour incubation at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in a water-jacketedincubator, the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was determined.Measurements and calculations were made as described above for theCHO-K1 cells.

Effect of Treprostinil Alkyl Ester Compositions on CHO-K1 CellProliferation

CHO-K1 cells were challenged with compositions comprising treprostinilalkyl ester derivatives:

T554 (C₂-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),

T543 (C₆-TR 40 mol %, Toco Acet 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %),

T555 (C₈-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),T556 (C₁₀-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),T568 (C₁₂-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),T623 (C₁₆-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %),at concentrations ranging from 0.55 μM to 125 μM. Following a 48 hourincubation period, the inhibitory effect of the treprostinil derivativecompositions on cell proliferation was determined.

Table 8 below summarizes the effect of the above treprostinilcompositions on CHO-K1 cell proliferations. At the highest concentrationof 100 μM, only T543 (C₆-TR) and T623 (C₁₆-TR) exhibited a significantinhibitory effect on cell proliferation.

TABLE 8 Effect of Treprostinil Compositions on cell proliferation.CHO-K1 Cells NR8383 Cells Samples (<100 μM-0.78 μM) (≤100 μM-0.78 μM)T543 (C₆-TR) Detectable cell inhibition Detectable cell prolifera- onlyat 100 μM tion inhibition only at concentration concentration >25 uMT554 (C₂-TR) No detectable cell Detectable cell prolifera- proliferationtion inhibition at inhibition 70 μM T555 (C₈-TR) No detectable cellDetectable cell prolifera- proliferation tion inhibition only atinhibition concentration >50 μM T556 (C₁₀-TR) No detectable cellDetectable cell prolifera- proliferation tion inhibition only atinhibition concentration >50 μM T568 (C₁₂-TR) No detectable cellDetectable cell prolifera- proliferation tion inhibition only atinhibition concentration >100 μM T623 (C₁₆-TR) Detectable cellprolifera- Detectable cell prolifera- tion inhibition only at tioninhibition only at 100 μM concentration 100 μM concentration

Effect of Treprostinil Compositions on NR8383 Cell Proliferation

Rat alveolar NR8383 cells were challenged with the same treprostinilderivative compositions:

T543 (C₆-TR 40 mol %, Toco Ace 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 20 mol %), T554(C₂-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %),T555 (C₈-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %), T556 (C₁₀-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %,DOPC 10 mol %), T568 (C₁₂-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10mol %, DOPC 10 mol %), and T623 (C₁₆-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %,Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %), at the same concentrations (0.55 μMto 125 μM) as the CHO-K1 cells above. Following a 72 hour incubationperiod, the inhibitory effect of the treprostinil derivativecompositions on cell proliferation was determined.

Table 8 above summarizes the effect of the above treprostinilcompositions on NR8383 cell proliferation. At the highest dose of 100μM, all of the treprostinil derivative compositions demonstrated someinhibition of cell proliferation, and T543 (C₆-TR) exhibited thegreatest inhibitory effect.

Effect of Treprostinil Alkyl Ester Compounds on Cell Proliferation

In order to determine any effect of treprostinil derivative compounds(unformulated) on cell proliferation, the cell based assays describedabove, using CHO-K1 cells and rat alveolar cells (NR8383 cells) wereperformed.

CHO-K1 Cell Proliferation Assay

CHO-K1 cells were challenged with treprostinil alkyl esters, i.e., TRcompounds of Formula (A), having the following R₂ groups:

C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₈, C₁₀ or Cu straight chain alkyl, at dosagesranging from 0.098 μM to 25 μM. Following a 48 hour incubation period,the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was determined.

Table 9 below summarizes the effect of the above treprostinil alkylesters on CHO-K1 and NR8383 cell proliferation. At the highestconcentration, only the treprostinil octyl ester compound showedinhibition of cell proliferation.

TABLE 9 Effect of treprostinil alkyl esters on cell proliferation CHO-K1Cells NR8383 Cells Samples (0.195 μM-25 μM) (0.195 μM-25 μM) C₂-TR Nodetectable cell inhibition No detectable cell inhibition C₃-TR Nodetectable cell inhibition No detectable cell inhibition C₄-TR Nodetectable cell inhibition No detectable cell inhibition C₅-TR Nodetectable cell inhibition No detectable cell inhibition C₆-TR Nodetectable cell inhibition No detectable cell inhibition C₈-TRDetectable cell inhibition at Some detectable cell 25 μM inhibitionC₁₀-TR No detectable cell inhibition No detectable cell inhibitionC₁₂-TR No detectable cell inhibition No detectable cell inhibition

NR8383 Cell Proliferation Assay

Rat alveolar NR8383 cells were challenged with treprostinil compoundsderivatized at the R₂ position of Formula (A) with a C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆,C₈, C₁₀ or C₁₂ straight chain alkyl moiety at concentrations rangingfrom 0.195 μM to 25 μM. Following a 72 hour incubation period, theinhibitory effect on cell proliferation was determined.

Table 11 above summarizes the effect of the above treprostinil alkylesters on NR8383 cell proliferation. Similar to the CHO-K1 cell assay,only the treprostinil octyl ester showed some inhibition of cellproliferation at the highest concentration.

Treprostinil Derivative Compositions Effect on Cell Proliferation

In order to determine the effect of treprostinil derivative compositionson cell proliferation, cell based assays using CHO-K1 cells and ratalveolar cells (NR8383 cells) were performed.

Effect of Treprostinil Compositions on CHO Cell Proliferation

CHO-K1 cells were challenged with treprostinil derivative compositions:T596 (C₂-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K 55 mol %), T597 (C₆-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K55 mol %), T598 (C₈-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K 55 mol %), T599 (C₁₀-TR 45 mol%, DSG-P2K 55 mol %), and T600 (C₁₂-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K 55 mol %), T612(C₂-TR 10 mol %, DMPE-P1K 90 mol %), T613 (C₈-TR 10 mol %, DMPE-P1K 90mol %), at concentrations ranging from 0.23 μM to 29 μM. Following a 72hour incubation period, the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation wasdetermined. Following a 48 hour incubation period, the inhibitory effecton cell proliferation was determined.

Table 10 below summarizes the effect of the treprostinil compositions onCHO-K1 cell proliferation. None of the compositions tested exhibited asignificant inhibitory effect on CHO-K1 cell proliferation.

TABLE 10 Effect of treprostinil compositions on cell proliferation.Samples CHO-K1 Cells NR8383 Cells Sample concentration (29 μM-0.23 μM)(29 μM-0.23 μM) T596 (C₂) No detectable cell Some detectable cellprolifera- proliferation tion inhibition only at inhibitionconcentration >25 uM T597 (C₆) No detectable cell Some detectable cellprolifera- proliferation tion inhibition at 70 uM inhibition T598 (C₈)No detectable cell Some detectable cell prolifera- proliferation tioninhibition only at inhibition concentration >50 uM T599 (C₁₀) Nodetectable cell Some detectable cell prolifera- proliferation tioninhibition at ≥14.5 inhibition uM concentration T600 (C₁₂) No detectablecell Some detectable cell prolifera- proliferation tion inhibition at≥14.5 inhibition uM concentration Sample concentration (180 μM-1.41μM)(180 μM-1.41 μM) T612 (C₂) Detectable cell prolifera- Detectable cellprolifera- tion inhibition at ≥90 tion inhibition only at 180 μMconcentration μM concentration T613 (C₈) Detectable cell prolifera-Detectable cell prolifera- tion inhibition at ≥90 tion inhibition onlyat 180 μM concentration μM concentration

Similarly, CHO-K1 cells were challenged with the treprostinilcompositions T612 (R₂=C₂), T613 (R₂=C₈) at concentrations ranging from1.41 μM to 180 μM. After 48 hours, the inhibitory effect on cellproliferation was determined, and all four of the treprostinilcompositions exhibited 100% inhibition of cell proliferation at thehigher concentrations.

Effect of Treprostinil Compositions on NR8383 Cell Proliferation

Rat alveolar NR8383 cells were challenged with the same treprostinilcompositions (above) as well as T596 (C₂-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K 55 mol %),T612 (C₂-TR 10 mol %, DMPE-P1K 90 mol %), T597 (C₆-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K55 mol %), T598 (C₈-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K 55 mol %), T613 (C₈-TR 10 mol%, DMPE-P1K 90 mol %), T599 (C₁₀-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K 55 mol %), T600(C₁₂-TR 45 mol %, DSG-P2K 55 mol %), and at the same concentrations(0.23 μM to 29 μM) as the CHO-K1 cells above. Following a 72 hourincubation period, the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation wasdetermined.

Table 10 above summarizes the effect of the treprostinil composition onNR8383 cell proliferation. All of the treprostinil compositionsdemonstrated some (≤10%) inhibition of NR8383 cell proliferation.

Example 6 Treprostinil Compounds In Vivo

The effect of treprostinil derivative compounds in vivo was determinedby using rat models. Young male rats Sprague Dawley (Charles River) wereused for the study. Rats anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine, placed ona heating pad and after surgical isolation and catheterization of thetrachea, mechanically ventilated throughout the study.

A catheter was placed in the femoral artery for measurement of systolic(sys) and diastolic (dias) blood pressures. A thoracotomy was performedand a catheter inserted into the right ventricle and positioned in thepulmonary artery for the measurement of pulmonary arterial systolic anddiastolic blood pressures. Oxygen saturation (SaO₂) was measured with apulse oximeter placed on the paw.

With the rats ventilated on room air (FIO₂=0.21), cardiovascularmeasurements were made under these normoxic conditions. In order toinduce hypoxia the F102 was reduced over a 30 min period until SaO₂ fellto values between 50-60%, and a baseline hypoxia value for each of theparameters was determined.

Groups of four rats each received either PBS, free treprostinil (1.7μg/kg and 10 μg/kg), or a composition comprising C₂-TR (T554); C₈-TR(T555: C₈-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %, Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10mol %) (38.6 μg/kg), C₁₀-TR (T556: C₁₀-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %,Chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %) (40.8 μg/kg)), C₁₂-TR (T568).

The target dose varied slightly by weight due to the differences inmolecular weight of the treprostinil derivative compositions as shown inTable 11 below. The actual achieved lung dose was about 5× lower thanprovided in Table 11 (e.g., administration of 10 μg/kg yielded about 2μg/kg in the lungs). The various treatments were delivered (viainhalation of nebulized drug to the lungs of the rats. The pulmonaryarterial pressure (PAP), systemic arterial pressure (SAP), and heartrate of the rats were measured continuously for 180 minutes. The PAPsignal was collected at 200 points per second.

TABLE 11 Target Doses in Acute Hypoxia Rat Model Target Dose Target Dose(μg/kg) (nmole/kg) Treprostinil 1.7 4.35 10 25.6 30 76.8 TreporostinilC₂* 32.1 76.8 derivative C₆* 36.4 76.8 compound C₈* 38.6 76.8 C₁₀* 40.876.8 C₁₂* 42.9 76.8 C₁₆* 47.2 76.8 *Indicates alkyl chain length atposition R₂ of the compound of Formula (A).

The normalized variation of mean PAP (mPAP) is shown as a percentagefrom the hypoxic baseline value at (T=0) in FIG. 15. The hypoxicbaseline PAP value was 100%, and the changes in pressure were measuredin comparison to the hypoxic baseline. The normalized variation of meanSAP (mSAP) is shown as a percentage from the hypoxic baseline value inFIG. 16. Heart rate is shown in FIG. 17 as a percentage of the hypoxicbaseline value over time.

Example 7 Measurement of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Levels inCHO-K1 Cells in Response to 5-Nonanyl-TR

A cell based Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) assay based on theGloSensor™ cAMP assay (Promega) was used as described above in Example 4to characterize the effect of the following compounds on cAMP levels:

-   -   5-nonanyl-TR, i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein        R₂₌₅-nonanyl

-   -   C₁₂-TR i.e., i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein R₂=C₁₂        alkyl

-   -   C₁₄-TR, i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein R₂=C₁₄ alkyl

-   -   C₁₆-TR, i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein R₂=C₁₆ alkyl

CHO-K1 cells co-transfected with the EP2 receptor and GloSensor™ plasmidwere challenged with 5-nonanyl-treprostinil (branched chain, 5C₉-TR) ortreprostinil alkyl ester compounds having either a C₁₂, C₁₄ or C₁₆straight chain alkyl group at the R₂ position of the above compound.cAMP levels were then measured every 5 minutes over a time course of 8hours. Dose response curves at 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6hr, 7 hr, and 8 hr incubation time for 5-nonanyl-TR, C₁₄-TR, and C₁₆-TRare provided in FIGS. 18, 19, and 20, respectively. Like C₁₄-TR andC₁₆-TR, the potency of 5-nonanyl-TR increases with incubation time,indicating a delay-release profile. The half maximal effectiveconcentrations (EC₅₀) of the treprostinil compounds were determinedusing the results from the cAMP assays. EC50 for 5-Nonanyl-TR, C₁₄-TR,and C₁₆-TR are shown in FIGS. 18, 19, and 20, respectively.

Kinetic profile results from the 10 μM (top panel) and 5 μM (bottompanel) concentrations of C₁₂-TR, C₁₄-TR, C₁₆-TR, or 5-nonanyl-TR areprovided at FIG. 21. cAMP levels in response to C₁₂-TR, C₁₄-TR, and5-nonanyl-TR at both concentrations increased over the first 1-1.5 hoursand were sustained for at least 8 hours. The ranking of activity of thetreprostinil compounds was C₁₂-TR>C₁₄-TR>5-nonanyl-TR>C₁₆-TR.

The results of the study showed that like the treprostinil alkyl estercompounds having a C₁₂, C₁₄ or C₁₆ straight chain alkyl ester group,5-nonanyl-TR, is functional and exhibits sustained cAMP activity. Thus,unlike free treprostinil (see Example 4), 5-nonanyl-TR has a delayedrelease profile.

Example 8 Comparison of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Activationin CHO-K1 Cells in Response to C₁₄-TR Formulations

A cell based Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) assay based on theGloSensor™ cAMP assay (Promega) was used as described above in Example 4to characterize the effect of different C₁₄-TR formulations on cAMPlevels. The C₁₄-TR formulations are shown below in Table 12. CompositionT679 does not comprise DOPC; composition T647 does not comprise DOPC orsqualane.

The structure of C₁₄-TR is as follows:

TABLE 12 Components of C14-TR formulations Hydrophobic PEGylated Cx-TRAdditive lipid DOPC Composition (mol %) (mol %) (mol %) mol % T631C₁₄-TR Squalane Chol- 10% (40%) (40%) PEG2k (10%) T679 C₁₄-TR SqualaneChol- 0 (45%) (45%) PEG2k (10%) T647 C₁₄-TR (none) Chol- 0 (90%) PEG2k(10%)

CHO-K1 cells co-transfected with the EP2 receptor and GloSensor™ plasmidwere challenged with treprostinil alkyl ester formulations having a C₁₄straight chain alkyl ester group at the carboxylic acid position andhaving the components as indicated in Table 12. cAMP levels were thenmeasured every 5 minutes over a time course of 8 hours.

A dose response curve at 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 7hr, and 8 hr incubation time for compound T679 is provided in FIG. 22.The potency of T679 increases over the incubation time, indicating adelay-release profile. The half maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀)of T679 was determined using the results from the cAMP assays, and isalso shown in FIG. 22.

Kinetic profile comparisons for free treprostinil, T631, and T679 at 10μM (top panel) and 5 μM (bottom panel) are shown in FIG. 23. Both T631and T679 were less potent compared to free treprostinil. However, unlikefree treprostinil, cAMP activation increased over time in response toboth T631 and T679 and was sustained for at least 8 hours. The resultsof the study showed that the T679 formulation, which is a C₁₄-TR withoutDOPC, is functional and exhibits a delayed release profile similar tothe profile of the C₁₄-TR T631.

A dose response curve at 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 7hr, and 8 hr incubation time for compound T647 is provided in FIG. 24.Like T679, the potency of T647 increases over the incubation time,indicating a delay-release profile. The half maximal effectiveconcentration (EC₅₀) of T647 was determined using the results from thecAMP assay, and is also shown in FIG. 24.

Kinetic profile comparisons for free treprostinil, T631, and T647 at 10μM (top panel) and 5 μM (bottom panel) are shown in FIG. 25. Both T631and T647 were less potent compared to free treprostinil. However, unlikefree treprostinil, cAMP activation increased over time in response toboth T631 and T647 and was sustained for at least 8 hours. The resultsof the study showed that the T647 formulation, which is a C₁₄-TR withoutDOPC or squalane, is functional and exhibits a delayed release profilesimilar to the profile of the C₁₄-TR T631.

Example 9 Functional cAMP Studies for Treprostinil Alkyl EsterNanoparticle Formulations

A cell based Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) assay based on theGloSensor™ cAMP assay (Promega) was used as described above in Example 4to characterize the effect of treprostinil compositions on cAMP levels.The cAMP profiles of the following treprostinil compositions were testedin this study (see also Table 13):

-   -   T555: C₈-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   T556: C₁₀-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   T568: C₁₂-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   T631: C₁₄-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   T623: C₁₆-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   T637: C₁₈-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

TABLE 13 Treprostinil Alkyl ester formulations used in Example 9.Formula- Treprostinil Treprostinil Chol- tion alkyl ester alkyl esterSqualane DOPC PEG2k No. (Cx-TR*) (mol %) (mol %) (mol %) (mol %) T555C₈-TR 40 40 10 10 T556 C₁₀-TR 40 40 10 10 T568 C₁₂-TR 40 40 10 10 T631C₁₄-TR 40 40 10 10 T623 C₁₆-TR 40 40 10 10 T637 C₁₈-TR 40 40 10 10 *Cxindicates alkyl chain length at position R₂ of the compound of Formula(A).

CHO-K1 cells co-transfected with the EP2 receptor and GloSensor™ plasmidwere challenged with the treprostinil alkyl ester compositions listedabove. cAMP levels were then measured every 5 minutes over a time courseof 8 hours.

A dose response curve at 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 7hr, and 8 hr incubation time for composition T637 (C₁₈-TR) is providedin FIG. 26. The potency of T679 increases over the initial incubationtime and then remains at a sustained level for at least 8 hours,indicating a delay-release profile. The half maximal effectiveconcentration (EC₅₀) of T637 was determined using the results from thecAMP assays, and is also shown in FIG. 26.

Kinetic profile comparisons for free treprostinil, T555, T556, T568,T631, T623, and T637 at 10 μM (top panel) and 5 μM (bottom panel) areshown in FIG. 27. Each of the treprostinil alkyl ester compounds wereless potent compared to free treprostinil. However, unlike freetreprostinil, cAMP activation increased and then remained at a sustainedlevel for at least 8 hours in response to each of the treprostinil alkylester compounds, indicating that each of these compounds is functionaland exhibits a delayed release profile. The ranking order of activityfor these compounds was T555/T556>T568>T631>T623>T637.

Example 10 Enzymatic Conversion Kinetics of Branched TreprostinilCompounds

A set of studies was conducted to determine the conversion kinetics totreprostinil of linear treprostinil compounds versus various branchedtreprostinil compounds. 0.4 mM of linear C₈-TR or branched treprostinilcompounds 2-dimethyl-1-propanyl-TR, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanyl-TR,2-ethyl-1-butanyl-TR, 5-nonanyl-TR, or 3-pentanyl-TR (see below forstructures) were incubated with 0.2 U esterase at 37° C. for 1 hour, andthe conversion (% of total) was calculated at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1 hourincubation time.

-   -   C₈-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   2-dimethyl-1-propanyl-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A)        wherein

-   -   3,3-dimethyl-1-butanyl-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A)        wherein)

-   -   2-ethyl-1-butanyl-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   5-nonanyl-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   3-pentanyl-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

FIG. 28 shows that 5-nonanyl-TR exhibited a slower conversion rate thanlinear C₈-TR.

FIG. 29 shows the esterase mediated conversion of the followingtreprostinil compounds to treprostinil: C₈-TR, C₉-TR, C₁₀-TR, C₁₂-TR,C₁₄-TR and C₁₆-TR, i.e., where R₂ is as follows for the followingformula. The conversion is relative to the C₈-TR compound and conversionwas measured at 1 hr. post esterase incubation.

-   -   C₈-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   C₉-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   C₁₀-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   C₁₂-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   C₁₄-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A)

-   -   C₁₆-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

FIG. 30 shows the esterase mediated conversion of branched treprostinilcompounds (below) to treprostinil relative to esterase mediatedconversion of C₈-TR to treprostinil. Conversion was measured at 1 hr.post esterase incubation.

-   -   4C₇-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   4C₈-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   3C₈-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   2C₈-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   5C₉-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

-   -   2C₉-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

Each of the branched compounds 4C₇-TR, 4C₈-TR, and 5C₉-TR exhibited aslower conversion rate than the linear compound C₈-TR. The asymmetricalbranched compound (4C₈-TR) exhibited a slower conversion rate than thesymmetrical compounds (4C₇-TR and 5C₉-TR). Further, there was nosignificant difference between the conversion rates of R and S isomersof 2C₈-TR ((R)-2C₈-TR versus (S)-2C₈-TR).

Example 11 Measurement of Treprostinil Pharmacokinetics in Rats

Table 14 provides the treprostinil alkyl ester formulations used in thisstudy. The first three compositions (T568, T631 and T623) are believedto form lipid nanoparticles, while the last three compositions (T630,T635 and T636) are believed to form micelles.

TABLE 14 Alkyl ester formulations used in Example 11. Treprostinil Chol-DMPE- Formulation Treprostinil alkyl ester Squalane DOPC PEG2k Peg2k No.alkyl ester (mol %) (mol %) (mol %) (mol %) (mol %) T568 C₁₂-TR 40 40 1010 — T631 C₁₄-TR 40 40 10 10 — T623 C₁₆-TR 40 40 10 10 — T630 C₁₂-TR 10— — — 90 T635 C₁₄-TR 5 — — — 95 T636 C₁₆-TR 5 — — — 95

T568 and T630: C₁₂-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

T631 and T635: C₁₄-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

T623 and T636: C₁₆-TR (i.e., the compound of Formula (A) wherein

Nebulized treprostinil (TRE) solution and treprostinil alkyl esterformulations were administered (at 15 nmol/kg, or 6 mg/kg TREequivalent) to anaesthetised-ventilated rats (6-hour studies) or toconscious rats by nose-only inhalation (24-hour studies). Blood and lungsamples were collected at specified time points. TRE and treprostinilalkyl ester concentrations in blood plasma and lung tissue were measuredby HPLC/MS/MS analysis.

Anaesthetized, Venitlated Rats

Male Sprague Dawley rats were anaesthetised and prepared withendotracheal tube for ventilation. The right femoral vein was cannulatedto facilitate blood collections. Terminal lung samples were taken foranalysis only 6 hours after dosing. Aeroneb® nebulizer and a controller(Aerogen, Galway, Ireland) were used to produce aerosol of a mass medianaerodynamic diameter (MMAD) between 2.5 μm and 4 μm and at a rate of 0.1mL/min to provide an estimated pulmonary dose of 6 μg/kg. A SAR-830/APSmall Animal Ventilator (CWE Inc., Ardmore, Pa.) set up at ventilatortidal volume (VT) of 8 mL/kg, rate of 90 breaths/min, was used todeliver nebulized test articles of volume 250 pt. Systemic bloodpressure (mSAP), heart rate (HR), and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2).Physiologic parameters were measured during normoxia (fraction ofinspired oxygen [FrO₂]=0.21, SaO₂≈90%) and for 2 to 3 hours duringhypoxia (FrO₂=0.10, SaO₂≈50%).

Conscious Nose-Only Inhalation

Male Sprague Dawley rats were placed in restraining tubes and exposed tonebulised drugs via the Jaeger-NYU Nose-Only Directed-Flow InhalationExposure System (CH Technologies, Westwood, N.J.) (FIG. 31). Testarticles (6 mL at specific concentration) were nebulised using theAeroneb nebuliser to deliver a predetermined estimated pulmonary dose.Blood and lung tissue samples were taken at selected times afternebulization of the drugs over a 24-hour period.

Ventilated rats treated with nebulized TRE solution had the highestblood plasma concentration (C_(max)) (3.5 ng/mL), which occurredimmediately after dosing (FIG. 32, left). Measurable levels of TRE werenot seen beyond 4 hours in the blood plasma and by 6 hours in the lungs.In contrast, ventilated rats treated with nebulized TPD-LNP had lowerblood plasma TRE C_(max) values, ranging from 0.2 ng/mL to 0.6 ng/mL(Table 15, FIG. 32, left). At 6 hours, treprostinil alkyl ester remainedin the lung at levels that ranged from 100 ng/g to 400 ng/g tissue ofTRE equivalent (FIG. 33). Treprostinil detected in the lung wasspeculated to be generated due to treprostinil alkyl ester hydrolysisduring sample preparation. When dosing with micellar TPD, blood plasmalevels of TRE were higher than with TPD lipid nanoparticle formulations,indicating that nanoparticles play an additional role in slow-releaseeffect (FIG. 32, comparison of left and right graphs). In the 24-hourstudies in rats dosed with TPD-lipid nanoparticle formulations(nose-only inhalation), TRE C_(max) was higher than in ventilatedanimals and showed close to first-order exponential decline. Bloodplasma concentrations of TRE in rats that received dosing with C₁₄- andC₁₆-treprostinil alkyl ester lipid nanoparticle formulations weremaintained at greater than 0.1 ng/mL for up to 24 hours, (levelscorresponding to activity in acute hypoxia studies) (FIG. 34, top). Lunglevels of total TRE+TPD were approximately 10³ higher than plasma TREand also exhibited exponential decline in rats administered treprostinilalkyl ester lipid nanoparticle formulations (FIG. 34, bottom). Table 16further shows the pharmacokinetics of treprostinil in rats after dosingwith the nose-only system with the nebulized treprostinil alkyl esterlipid nanoparticle formulations at the estimated pulmonary dose of 6μg/kg. FIG. 35 further shows that release kinetics of treprostinil frominhaled C₁₆-TR formulations over 24 hours is independent of dose (noseonly dosing). Time in FIG. 35 corresponds to the time after beginning ofnebulization of a 6 mL suspension (nebulization period was 30 min. to 60min.). FIG. 38 shows that animals treated with T568 and T623 had asurvival benefit (surviving beyond 200 minutes) compared with animalstreated with free treprostinil or PBS). Specifically, FIG. 38 shows thepulmonary arterial pressure in animals treated with various lipidnanoparticle formulations, PBS and treprostinil. Furthermore, treatmentwith T568 and T623 showed little impact on systemic haemodynamics (FIG.39). Finally, treprostinil alkyl ester nanoparticle formulations wereshown to convert sloly to treprostinil, providing consistent bloodplasma levels with reduced peak values (FIG. 40).

TABLE 15 Plasma pharmacokinetics of treprostinil in ventilated ratsafter dosing with nebulized treprostinil solution or formulatedtreprostinil alkyl ester suspension at an estimated pulmonary dose of 6μg/kg Lipid Nanoparticles (T568, T631 and T623) Micelles (T630, T635 andT636) Solution T568 T631 T623 T630 T635 T636 (C_(x)-TR) (C₁₂-TR)(C₁₄-TR) (C₁₆-TR) (C₁₂-TR) (C₁₄-TR) (C₁₆-TR) AUC 0-6 h 2.13 4.47 3.891.84 9.72 9.11 5.35 (ng* h/mL) Cmax 3.37 0.56 0.34 0.22 2.40 1.20 0.84(ng/mL) Tmax (h) 0.05 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.05 0.5 1.0

TABLE 16 Pharmacokinetics of treprostinil in rats after dosing with thenose- only stystem with the nebulized treprostinil alkyl esterformulations (T568, T631 and T623) at the estimated pulmonary dose of 6μg/kg Compound C₁₂-TR C₁₄-TR C₁₆-TR immediately post dose (IPD) (μg/kg)6.2 10.4 17.9 Lung apparent ellimination rate (h⁻¹) 0.42 0.15 0.10Plasma maximum concentration (Cmax) IPD 4.03 4.93 3.46 (ng/mL) Plasmaapparent elimination rate (h⁻¹) 0.30 0.18 0.14 Area Under Curve (AUC)1-24 (ng*h/mL) 11.9 24.0 17.9

Inhaled TPDs are present in the lungs for an extended duration and areassociated with a slow, sustained release of TRE into the blood. Thisduration of activity is increased with TPD formulated in lipidnanoparticles.

Example 12 Pharmacokinetic Profile of C₁₆-TR Alkyl Ester LipidNanoparticle Formulation in Dogs

Twelve beagle dogs of either sex were randomly assigned to differentinhaled doses of treprostinil in PBS or the compound of Formula (A)wherein

(C₁₆-TR) formulated in a lipid nanoparticle formulation (T623) that issuspended in PBS (see Table 14), with both given by nebulizer.Formulations were nebulized with an Aeroneb nebulizer (MMAD: 2.5-4 μm)delivered into a 500 ml expansion chamber. Formulations were nebulizedfor 2 min at ventilator settings of 90 ml/breath, 15 breaths/min(delivered volume=2.7 L) and collected on a filter. Drug amount (m) onthe filter was measured by HPLC to calculate the concentration of drugdelivered through the ventilator circuit (m/L).

Dosimetry was performed in propofol-anesthetized dogs in which nebulizeddrugs were introduced into a mixing chamber interposed on theinspiratory limb of a canine respirator. Technical trials were performedbefore each experiment to measure the concentration of drug (m/L)delivered for each breath. The inhaled drug dose (m/kg) was calculatedusing the formula: Inhaled Drug Dose (μg/kg)=Drug Conc. (μg/L)×MinuteVentilation (L/min.)×Time (min.)/Body Weight (kg). After delivery of thedrugs, the dogs were disconnected from the respirator and blood sampleswere collected over a 72 h period to measure the treprostinil plasmaconcentrations by HPLC/MS/MS. Clinical signs were monitored over this 72hr. period.

Use of the anesthetized, intubated and ventilated approach providedreproducibility between dogs to achieve the targeted inhaled dose forboth treprostinil (5±1 and 16±2 μg/kg) and C₁₆-TR (7±1, 22±1, 46±1 and95±1 μg/kg). At inhaled doses of 5 and 16 μg/kg, treprostinil plasmaC_(max) values for dogs dosed with treprostinil (2.7 and 5.9 ng/m1,respectively) were between 15-20 fold higher compared to treprostinillevels achieved upon dosing with similar inhaled doses (7 and 22 μg/kg)of C₁₆-TR in the T623 formulation (0.2 and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively)(FIG. 36). Furthermore, the plasma levels of treprostinil were sustainedover a 48 hour period with inhalation of T623 but disappeared within afew hours following inhalation of treprostinil (FIG. 36). Coughing andrapid shallow breathing were absent during delivery of treprostinil toanesthetized, ventilated dogs but were present during the recoveryperiod. Dogs receiving T623 showed no signs of respiratory irritationwith inhaled doses as high as 46 μg/kg.

Comparison of C₁₆ Alkyl Ester Lipid Nanoparticle TreprostinilFormulation to C₁₂ and C₁₄ Alkyl Ester Lipid Nanoparticle TreprostinilFormulations

Twelve beagle dogs were exposed to inhaled treprostinil and threetreprostinil alkyl ester lipid nanoparticle formulations: T568(dodecyl-treprostinil, C₁₂-TR), T631 (tetradecyl-treprostinil, C₁₄-TR)and T623 (hexadecyl-treprostinil, C₁₆-TR). The components of eachformulation are provided in Table 14, above.

Dosimetry was performed in propofol-anesthetized, artificiallyventilated dogs in which nebulized drugs were introduced into a mixingchamber interposed on the inspiratory limb of the respirator. Technicaltrials were performed before each experiment measuring the concentrationof drug (m/L) per breath, minute ventilation and time required toachieve a targeted pulmonary dose. After recovery from the anesthesia,blood samples were collected over 72 h and plasma levels of TRE measuredby HPLC/MS/MS. Clinical signs (cough, rapid shallow breathing, emesisand pale gums) were also monitored.

At a targeted pulmonary dose of 18 μg/kg, plasma levels of treprostinilwere highest for free treprostinil (C_(max)=5.9±0.6 ng/m1) immediatelyafter dosing but corresponding C_(max) values for C₁₂-TR, C₁₄-TR andC₁₆-TR were 5-, 13- and 20-fold lower. Plasma treprostinil was below thelevel of quantification by 4 h after inhaled free treprostinil, but wassustained for 48-72 h after inhaled treprostinil alkyl esterformulations.

Dose-dependent increases in C_(max) and AUC were seen with inhaledC₁₆-TR (6-90 μg/kg) with a prolonged presence of treprostinil in theplasma for up to 72 h at higher doses. Adverse clinical signs were seenwith free treprostinil and C₁₂-TR at a targeted dose of 18 μg/kg, butnot with C₁₄-TR and C₁₆-TR. In the dose-response study with C₁₆-TR,adverse clinical signs were seen in only 1 dog at a targeted pulmonarydose of 90 μg/kg.

Based upon this PK study in dogs, inhaled C₁₆-TR in a nanoparticleformulation provides sustained presence of treprostinil in the plasmaand lower side effect potential than inhaled free treprostinil atcomparable doses.

Example 13 Characterization of a Lipid Nanoparticle C₁₆ Alkyl EsterTreprostinil Formulation

T748, a lipid nanoparticle C₁₆ alkyl ester treprostinil formulationhaving the following components, was characterized.

C₁₆-TR Squalane DSPE-PEG2k (mol %) (mol %) (mol %) 45 45 10

Assessment of the Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Treprostinilin Rats administered T748 lipid nanoparticle formulation

To assess whether repeated dosing with inhaled C₁₆-TR is well toleratedand alters PK, rats were exposed to C₁₆-TR for 14-consecutive days.

5 groups (n=4 per group) of Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to inhaledphosphate buffered saline (PBS) or 4 doses of C₁₆-TR (0.6, 1.8, 6 and 18μg/kg) given by nebulization in a nose-only inhalation chamber. Cohortsof rats were studied after 1, 7 and 14 daily inhaled doses of C₁₆-TR andblood samples were collected at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hr., and lungs harvestedat 24 hr. after the last dose of the drug. Concentrations oftreprostinil and C₁₆-TR in the plasma and lungs were measured byHPLC/MS/MS. Body weights were recorded daily and organ weights (lungs,heart, liver) were measured 24 hr. after the last drug dose.

There were no tolerability issues or significant changes (relative toPBS) in body weights and organ weights after inhalation of C₁₆-TR for14-consecutive days. Increasing inhaled doses of C₁₆-TR (0.6-18 μg/kg)increased the plasma C_(max) and AUC but this was not consistentlyaffected upon repeated dosing. There was some variability in AUC betweendays 1 and 14 within the different dosing groups with 2 of the 4 doses(1.8 and 18 μg/kg) showing no difference, and the other 2 doses (0.6 and6 μg/kg) showing a 3- to 4-fold increase in AUC by day 14. The presenceof C₁₆-TR was not detected in the plasma at any dose. However,relatively high concentrations of C₁₆-TR (approximately 1,000-foldhigher than plasma treprostinil) were found in the lungs. Inhaled C₁₆-TRproduced a dose-dependent increase in the concentration of C₁₆-TR in thelungs, but this was not changed by repeated dosing for 14-consecutivedays.

Inhaled C₁₆-TR (0.6-18 μg/kg) was well tolerated with no evidence ofbody weight and organ weight change after dosing for 14 consecutivedays.

Effect of C₁₆ Alkyl Ester Lipid Nanoparticle Treprostinil Formulation onthe Cough Reflex in Guinea Pigs

In this study, the tussive effects of inhaled treprostinil and a lipidnanoparticle formulation of the alkyl ester hexadecyl-treprostinil(C₁₆-TR), were studied in guinea pigs.

Three groups of male Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were placed in a wholebody plethysmograph and exposed to aerosolized phosphate buffered saline(PBS), TRE (1-300 μg/m1) and C₁₆-TR lipid nanoparticle formulation T748(30 μg/m1), respectively. T623 has the following components:

Aerosols were generated with an Ultra-Neb Pro nebulizer (nebulizeroutput 0.36 mL/min.) that was mixed with inspired air delivered at arate of 2 L/min. The PBS or drugs were delivered for 10 min. and thenumber of coughs recorded during and for 20 min. after the delivery.Coughs were detected by visual observations, plethysmograph recordingsand cough sounds.

Exposure to aerosolized PBS did not induce cough. TRE exposure did notconsistently evoke cough in the animals tested until the exposureconcentration was equal to or greater than 30 μg/mL. The cough responsewas characterized by bouts of high frequency cough with lowered coughsounds compared to the typical cough sound induced by citric acid orcapsaicin. TRE at a nebulized concentration of 30 μg/mL producedconsistent cough in 7 of 7 guinea pigs with 1-4 cough bouts and a totalnumber of coughs averaging 36±9 coughs. In contrast, inhaled C₁₆-TRlipid nanoparticle formulation at a nebulized concentration of 30 μg/mLdid not induce cough, no events, in 6 of 6 guinea pigs.

The results in this study demonstrate that inhaled TRE induces cough inguinea pigs, the profile of which is somewhat similar to that previouslydescribed (Type II coughs) with inhaled prostaglandins in guinea pigs(Maher and Belvisi, 2010). On the other hand, inhaled C₁₆-TR lipidnanoparticle formulation, did not induce cough and suggests that thisformulation may eliminate some of the local adverse side effects such ascough seen with inhaled TRE therapy in humans.

Example 14 Acylation of Treprostinil Derivatives

Treprostinil or treprostinil ester derivatives (e.g., derivatized withalkyl or alkenyl groups at the carboxylic acid moiety as prepared inExample 1) are acylated as follows.

The compound of Example 1 (0.05 mol) or treprostinil is dissolved in 10mL of dichloromethane at 0° C. Dimethylaminopyridine is added (20 mol%), and then a solution of an acyl chloride R(CO)Cl (2.1 equivalents) at0° C. (wherein R is R₅ or R₆ as described herein) is added to thecompound of Example 1 or treprostinil. The solution is allowed to stirand warm to 23° C. over 1 hour. The reaction is monitored by thin layerchromatography, and when no further change is observed, the reaction isquenched with NaHCO₃ (sat), and the quenched mixture is extracted withdichloromethane (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts are dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent is removed under vacuum toafford the crude product. Purification is effected by columnchromatography on silica gel with 2% methanol in dichloromethane.

A general scheme for synthesis of the acylated treprostinil-derivativesis shown below (R₂ is described herein, for example as H or a linear orbranched alkyl group):

Other acylation techniques known in the art, including selectiveacylation of each of the secondary alcohols, can be employed. Inaddition, R₂ can be selected such that the R₂ group can be selectivelyremoved from the compound of Example 11 after acylation of the secondaryhydroxyl functionalities. Such protecting group strategies are wellknown to those skilled in the art, and are described in, e.g., Peter G.M. Wutes and Theodora W. Greene, Greene's Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis, 4th Edition, Wiley (2006), which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety for all purposes. An exemplary scheme of sucha process is shown below:

Synthesis of C₁₆TR-OAc:

To a solution of(1R,2R,3aS,9aS)-[[2,3,3a,4,9,9α-hexahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1H-benz[f]inden-5-yl]oxy]aceticacid (treprostinil) (78.1 mg, 200 μmoles) dissolved in 1,4-Dioxane (2.0mL) was added triethylamine (TEA) (98 μL, 700 μmoles, 3.5 equivalents),acetic anhydride (166 μL, 1,760 μmoles, 8.8 equivalents), and acatalytic amount of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). The reaction mixturewas allowed to shake at 40° C. for 72 hours. Solvent was removed underreduced pressure to yield a thick colorless oil. The crude material wasdissolved in hexanes and washed with a solution of saturated NaHCO₃ (3×5mL). The organic layers were combined and solvent was removed using agentle stream of warmed N₂ gas and gentle heat to yield a thickcolorless oil. The crude material was dissolved in 20% ^(n)PrOH/Hexanes,passed through a 0.45 μm syringe filter, and submitted to preparatoryHPLC purification. Solvent was removed from the purified material usinga gentle stream of warmed N₂ gas and gentle heat to yield a thickcolorless oil. The pure material was suspended in ethyl lactate forstorage and was submitted to analytical HPLC for concentrationdetermination.

C₁₆-TR-OAc: 73% overall yield. The compound was also characterized byNMR spectroscopy:

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.17-1.32 (m, 33H),1.43-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.66 (m, 8H), 1.89-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.99 (s, 3H),2.06 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.35 (m, 2h), 2.47 (d of d, J=14.5 Hz, J=6.0 Hz, 1H),2.55 (d of d, J=15.0 Hz, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (d, of d, J=14.5 Hz, J=6.0Hz, 1H), 2.90 (d of d, J=15.0 Hz, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H),4.62 (s, 2H), 4.70-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.87 (p, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) ppm; ¹³C NMR(125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 14.2, 14.3, 21.5 (2), 22.7, 22.9, 25.1, 26.0 (2),28.3, 28.8, 29.4, 29.6, 29.7, 29.8, 29.9, 31.9, 32.1, 33.6, 33.7, 34.3,37.8, 40.7, 49.0, 65.6, 66.2, 74.6, 79.0, 109.8, 121.8, 126.4, 127.6,140.7, 155.1, 169.6, 171.0, 171.1 ppm.

Example 15 Synthesis of Treprostinil Amide Derivatives

Treprostinil is available commercially, and can be synthesized, forexample, by the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,765,117 and8,497,393. Synthesis of prostaglandin derivatives is described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,668,814. The disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,765,117;8,497,393 and 4,668,814 are each incorporated by reference in theirentireties for all purposes.

To a solution of(1R,2R,3aS,9a5)-[[2,3,3a,4,9,9α-hexahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-1H-benz[f]inden-5-yl]oxy]aceticacid (i.e., treprostinil) (78.1 mg, 200 μmoles) dissolved in 1,4-Dioxane(2.0 mL) was added triethylamine (TEA) (98 μL, 700 μmoles, 3.5equivalents), alkylamine R₁—NH₂ (240 μmoles, 1.2 equivalents), and asolution of PyBOP (364 mg, 700 μmoles, 3.5 equivalents) dissolved in 2.0mL MeCN (acetonitrile).

The reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. and allowed to shake atapproximately 100 rpm overnight. Solvent was removed under reducedpressure to yield the crude product as a thick yellow oil. The productwas extracted (1-1 extraction) from the oil by repeated washings with20% ^(n)PrOH/Hexanes (3×3 mL). Solvent was removed from the organicextract using a gentle stream of warmed N₂ gas and gentle heat to yielda thick, slightly yellow oil. The crude material was dissolved in 20%^(n)PrOH/Hexanes, passed through a 0.45 μm syringe filter, and submittedto preparatory HPLC purification. Solvent was removed from the purifiedmaterial using a gentle stream of warmed N₂ gas and gentle heat to yielda thick, colorless oil. The pure material was suspended in ethyl lactatefor storage and was submitted to analytical HPLC for concentrationdetermination.

The following treprostinil amide derivatives of Formula B were made bythe synthesis scheme provided above. (Table 17) Percentage yield is alsoprovided in parentheses.

TABLE 17 Treprostinil amide derivatives Compound R₁ group Yieldabbreviation

  (C₁₆) 88% C₁₆-TR-A

  (C₁₄) 71% C₁₄-TR-A

  (C₁₂) 57% C₁₂-TR-A

  (C₁₀) 62% C₁₀-TR-A

  (C₈) 47% C₈-TR-A

  (^(t)C₈) 72% ^(t)C₈-TR-A

  (C₇) 50% C₆-TR-A

  (^(c)C₇) 62% ^(c)C₇-TR-A

  (4C₇) 65% 4C₇-TR-A

  (C₆) 58% C₆-TR-A

  (C₅) 77% C₅-TR-A

  (C₄) 28% C₄-TR-A

  (C₃) 12% C₃-TR-A

  (C₂) 12% C₂-TR-A

  (Phe-EE) 60% Phe-EE-TR-A

  (Ala-EE) Not determined Ala-EE-TR-A

  (Gly-EE) Not determined Gly-EE-TR-A

  (Leu-EE) Not determined Leu-EE-TR-A

C₆-TR-A and C₁₂-TR-A were characterized by NMR spectroscopy.

NMR Characterization of C₆-TR-A

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.90 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.17 (q, J=12.0 Hz,1H), 1.30-1.70 (m, 18H), 1.81-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.93 (m, 1H), 2.20 (p,J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.22-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.82 (m, 2H),3.16 (sextet, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (s, 1H),3.70-3.80 (m, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H),6.85 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H) ppm; ¹³C NMR (125 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 14.2, 14.3, 22.8, 22.9, 25.6, 26.4, 26.7(2), 28.8, 29.7, 31.6,32.1, 33.0, 33.8, 35.1, 37.7, 39.2, 41.4, 41.6, 46.5, 52.4, 68.4, 72.8,110.4, 122.2, 126.8, 127.3, 141.2, 154.5, 168.7 ppm; HRMS (ESI, 2:2:1MeCN, MeOH, H₂O): m/z=474.35717 ([M+H]+).

NMR Characterization of C₁₂-TR-A

HRMS (ESI, 2:2:1 MeCN, MeOH, H₂O): m/z=558.45099 ([M+H]+).

Example 16 Treprostinil Amide Derivative Solubility in HydrofluoroalkanePropellants

Selected treprostinil derivatives were evaluated for the use in ametered dose inhaler (MDI). Four ester derivatives, dodecyl-treprostinil(C₁₂-TR), tetradecyl-treprostinil (C₁₄-TR), hexadecyl-treprostinil(C₁₆-TR), and the branched chain nonanyl-treprostinil (5C₉-TR), and twoamide derivatives, C₁₆-TR-A and C₁₂-TR-A (see Table 17) were tested forsolubility in hydrofluoroalkane propellants HFA-134a and HFA-227 withadded ethanol.

5 mg of each treprostinil compound was added in a glass bottle. Specificamount of ethanol was added by weight. An MDI valve was crimped to eachbottle, and HFA propellant added through the valve to the total volumeof 5 mL. Compounds were allowed to dissolve for 24 hours at roomtemperature. The formulations were assessed visually for solubility. Thegoal was to estimate the minimum ethanol concentration required tosolubilize each compound in propellant.

Soluble samples presented as clear and colorless solutions. Less thansoluble samples had a thin liquid-vapor ring of various density visibleon the bottle surface at the liquid-vapor interface. Non-soluble sampleshad white precipitate or crystals formed. Ethanol was added as asolubility aid. As it can be seen from the solubility tables below(Table 18 and Table 19), compounds that were not soluble at 3% addedethanol became soluble at 10 or 13% added ethanol.

TABLE 18 Solubility chart of treprostinil prodrugs in HFA-134a withadded ethanol. HFA-134a C₁₂-TR C₁₄-TR C₁₆-TR 5C₉-TR C₆-TR-A C₁₂-TR-A 13%S S R S n/e n/e EtOH 10% S S R R S S EtOH 7% S R R R R R EtOH 5% R R R RR R EtOH 3% R R n/e R R P EtOH S—soluble; R—thin liquid-vapor ring isvisible; P—precipitate is visible; n/e—not evaluated.

TABLE 19 Solubility chart of treprostinil derivatives in HFA-227 withadded ethanol. HFA-227 C₁₂-TR C₁₄-TR C₁₆-TR 5C₉-TR C₆-TR-A C₁₂-TR-A 13%S n/e S S n/e n/e EtOH 10% n/e R n/e n/e n/e S EtOH 7% n/e R R R R REtOH 5% n/e n/e R n/e R R EtOH 3% R R n/e R R P EtOH S—soluble; R—thinliquid-vapor ring is visible; P—precipitate is visible; n/e—notevaluated.

Example 17 Pharmacokinet is of Blood Plasma Treprostinil afterInhalation of C₁₂ Amide Linked Treprostinil Nanoparticle Formulation inVentilated Rats

Male Sprague Dawley rats (N=3) were anesthetized and prepared withendotracheal tube for ventilation. The right femoral vein was cannulatedto facilitate blood collections. Rats were administered the lipidnanoparticle formulation T763, which has the following components:(C₁₂-TR-A 45 mol %, squalane 45 mol %, DSPE-PEG2000 10 mol %).

Aeroneb® nebulizer and a controller (Aerogen, Dangan, Galway, Ireland)were used to produce aerosol of a mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD) between 2.5 μm and 4 μm and at a rate of 0.1 mL/min.

A SAR-830/AP Small Animal Ventilator (CWE Inc., Ardmore, Pa.) set up atventilator tidal volume (VT) of 8 mL/kg, rate of 90 breaths/min was usedto deliver nebulized test articles of volume 300 μL. The targeted dosewas 6 ug/kg of Treprostinil equivalent.

The plasma level of treprostinil were significantly lower than whennanoparticle formulation T568 (C₁₂-TR 40 mol %, squalane 40 mol %,chol-PEG2k 10 mol %, DOPC 10 mol %), containing C₁₂-TR alkyl ester wasused with the same dose. This suggests that the conversion rate of theamide prodrug is much slower than the rate for the ester prodrug oftreprostinil.

While the described invention has been described with reference to thespecific embodiments thereof it should be understood by those skilled inthe art that various changes may be made and equivalents may besubstituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of theinvention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adopt aparticular situation, material, composition of matter, process, processstep or steps, to the objective spirit and scope of the describedinvention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope ofthe claims appended hereto.

Patents, patent applications, patent application publications, journalarticles and protocols referenced herein are incorporated by referencein their entireties, for all purposes.

1.-180. (canceled)
 181. A method of treating pulmonary hypertension (PH)associated with interstitial lung disease in a patient in need thereof,comprising administering to the patient via pulmonary administration, acomposition comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula(II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein R₁ is O; R₂ is tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, oroctadecyl; and n is an integer from 0 to
 5. 182. The method of claim181, wherein the patient is a WHO Group III PH patient.
 183. The methodof claim 181, wherein R₂ is linear tetradecyl, linear pentadecyl, linearhexadecyl, linear heptadecyl or linear octadecyl.
 184. The method ofclaim 181, wherein n is 0 or
 1. 185. The method of claim 181, wherein nis
 0. 186. The method of claim 181, wherein n is
 1. 187. The method ofclaim 181, wherein R₂ is hexadecyl, and n is
 1. 188. The method of claim182, wherein R₂ is linear hexadecyl, and n is
 1. 189. The method ofclaim 183, wherein R₂ is linear hexadecyl, and n is
 1. 190. The methodof claim 181, wherein the composition further comprises a PEGylatedlipid.
 191. The method of claim 188, wherein the composition furthercomprises a PEGylated lipid.
 192. The method of claim 189, wherein thecomposition further comprises a PEGylated lipid.
 193. The method ofclaim 190, wherein the PEGylated lipid comprises PEG400, PEG500,PEG1000, PEG2000, PEG3000, PEG4000 or PEG5000.
 194. The method of claim190, wherein the PEGylated lipid comprises PEG2000.
 195. The method ofclaim 190, wherein the PEGylated lipid comprises cholesterol.
 196. Themethod of claim 190, wherein the PEGylated lipid comprises aphospholipid.
 197. The method of claim 190, wherein the PEGylated lipidcomprises distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE) or distearoyl glycerol (DSG).
 198. The methodof claim 190, wherein the PEGylated lipid comprisesdistearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE).
 199. The method of claim 190,wherein the PEGylated lipid is cholesterol-PEG2000, DSPE-PEG1000,DSPE-PEG2000, or DSG-PEG2000.
 200. The method of claim 190, wherein thePEGylated lipid is DSPE-PEG2000.
 201. The method of claim 191, whereinthe PEGylated lipid is DSPE-PEG2000.
 202. The method of claim 192,wherein the PEGylated lipid is DSPE-PEG2000.
 203. The method of claim181, wherein the pulmonary administration comprises administration via ametered dose inhaler, a dry powder inhaler, or a nebulizer.
 204. Themethod of claim 181, wherein the composition is administered once daily.205. The method of claim 181, wherein the composition is administeredtwo or more times daily.
 206. The method of claim 181, wherein thecomposition is in the form of a dry powder, and the pulmonaryadministration comprises administration via a dry powder inhaler. 207.The method of claim 187, wherein the composition is in the form of a drypowder, and the pulmonary administration comprises administration via adry powder inhaler.
 208. The method of claim 188, wherein thecomposition is in the form of a dry powder, and the pulmonaryadministration comprises administration via a dry powder inhaler. 209.The method of claim 189, wherein the composition is in the form of a drypowder, and the pulmonary administration comprises administration via adry powder inhaler.
 210. The method of claim 204, wherein thecomposition is in the form of a dry powder, and the pulmonaryadministration comprises administration via a dry powder inhaler. 211.The method of claim 205, wherein the composition is in the form of a drypowder, and the pulmonary administration comprises administration via adry powder inhaler.